tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39156278515829160242024-03-08T01:23:26.994-08:00Democracies 2 ComeUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger59125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-58107453573587263252022-08-11T17:50:00.001-07:002022-08-11T17:50:30.048-07:00Democracy and Colonialism: Misnaming Democracy<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
democracy requires social equality, than nations that participate in the clearly
unequal social structures of colonialism may only make false claims to democracy.
This problem plagues not only earlier forces of global empire, but also nations
in the present who retain colonial territories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nations in the present who successfully invade other nations only to
leave them in ruins after an extended <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/07/twenty-first-century-colonialism-iraq/">occupation</a>,
like the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan, effectively also practice <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/07/twenty-first-century-colonialism-iraq/">new
forms of colonialism</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Colonial
practices enforce their inequalities through brutal means, including killings,
torture, displacement, and destruction of the social and cultural institutions
of the colonized. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_Colonialism">Equality is
impossible</a>, since the colonized are not allowed to govern themselves,
denied both sovereignty and autonomy by the colonizer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yet colonialism also
degrades the colonizer’s society. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_Colonialism">Aimé Césaire
wrote</a> in 1950, “First we must study how colonization works to decivilize
the colonizer, to brutalize him in the true sense of the word, to degrade him,
to awaken him to …violence, race hatred, and moral relativism; and we must show
that …each time a Madagascan is tortured and in France they accept the fact…a universal
regression takes place, a gangrene sets in, a center of infection begins to
spread; and that at the end of all these treaties that have been violated, all
these lies that have been propagated, …at the end of all the racial pride that
has been encouraged…a poison has been distilled into the veins of Europe and,
slowly but surely, the continent proceeds towards <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">savagery</i>.” (p35-6) Degraded, violent, racist, infected, violating
agreements, and poisoned does not make for a healthy society of equals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How can France,
England, and the United States be seen as model democracies when they still
practice colonialism?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>France retains colonial
territories in thirteen territories, including French Polynesia and French
Guiana, while England fought a recent war to retain the Falkland Islands and continues
to rule Northern Ireland. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The United States
practice of settler colonialism means not only that Guam, American Samoa, and
the Hawaiian Islands are colonies in the classical sense, but so is its
mainland territory. As Audra Simpson has argued, the “gift of democracy” to Indigenous
peoples </span><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Mohawk-Interruptus/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">criminalized
Indigenous life</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> as it lays claim to Indigenous peoples
as citizens of the United States. Robert Nichols has documented how </span><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Theorizing-Native-Studies/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">forcing
citizenship onto Indigenous communities</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in Canada resulted in
unequal relations violating Rousseau’s social contract. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even the <a href="https://www.academia.edu/78234914/Democracy_Is_a_Tragic_Regime">classical
Greek forms of democracy</a> to which many European theorists looked for
democratic models also </span><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2409272M/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">practiced
slavery</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and contributed to the spread of Greek empire in
the Mediterranean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pericles, the king
who supported the Athenian assembly’s power and weakened the aristocratic
wealthy, also embarked on </span><a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203844779/solon-socrates-victor-ehrenberg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">imperial
conquests that denied freedom to all</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. And if later Greek
philosophers supported democracy, Aristotle was also advisor to Alexander the
Great, conqueror of Athens and the Achaemenid Empire, who Aristotle </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderofmaced0000gree/page/n5/mode/2up"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">advised
to “be a despot to the barbarians.”</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How can a democratic body also support slavery
and despotism?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Colonialism and imperialism
also erode the effectiveness of democracy in the colonies of European
democracies even after liberation, as in India, Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico. Assumptions
that democracy is a European invention that successfully installed equality
hide the multiple modes of unequal social relations under electoral governments
North and South. These social inequalities are seen not only in continuing
wealth inequalities, a sign that <a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/watch-elizabeth-warren_n_5434250">capitalism
is not an engine of equality</a> but a system of wealth hierarchies closely
tied to modern national governance systems. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As Dipesh Chakrabarty
has argued, non-European societies who adopt European electoral democracy as
their governance model must <a href="https://www.academia.edu/58211156/Subaltern_Studies_and_Postcolonial_Historiography">address
the unequal historical conditions that colonialism left them</a> before they can
expect to enact democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This suggests
that the failure of as India, South Africa, Mexico, and Brazil to transform the
unequal relations of power and authority in their territories left by their colonizers
makes democracy impossible for them (p20).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The colonial bourgeoisie that replace the colonizers after liberation protected
their own advantages and access to power rather than practice egalitarianism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/58211156/Subaltern_Studies_and_Postcolonial_Historiography"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">failure
of electoral democracies to live up to their promises</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
of equality is not only true of European governments and their settler
colonies, but also true of nations of the global south. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The long-standing inequalities of the
electoral government of India, often lauded as the “world’s largest democracy,”
means the government has never succeeded in becoming a democracy. The
assumption that democracy requires equality is only true in abstract principal.
Unequal power relations cannot be ignored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These abstractions and
erasures come from assumptions that European political systems, such as the
modern nation-state, are good for all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
is why many nations in the global south retained parliamentary systems, <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2018/12/misnaming-democracy-colonial-heritage.html">court
systems and legal codes</a>, and other aspects of their colonizer’s political
regimes. That retention can only be a form of Eurocentrism, a Eurocentrism that
repeats the <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203992203/colonial-desire-robert-young">racism</a>
and <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Race-and-the-Education-of-Desire/">ethnocentrism</a>
of colonialism and imperialism. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ultimately, the </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/58211156/Subaltern_Studies_and_Postcolonial_Historiography"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">alternative
social systems that electoral democracies have attacked</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
are an <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2011/10/decolonizing-democracy_20.html">important
resource</a> for finding ways to practice equality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to carry out democratic transformations
of social relations of power, communities and regions can put </span><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">democratic
practices beyond those of the state</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> to work. </span></p>
<p></p>D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-19675463540435657662022-07-06T16:58:00.007-07:002022-08-11T14:36:01.844-07:00Resistance from within the Trump Administration: Defend Democracy<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elected
legislators in the United States have now charged former President Donald Trump
with an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html">attempted
coup</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Congressional
investigations of the events of January 6, 2021 continue, public hearings have
made known a number of specific strategies from Trump and his supporters, as
well as counterstrategies carried out that succeeded in blocking the coup
attempt. The events before and after the November, 2020 election that Trump
lost to the Democratic candidate, Joe Biden, show how important it is that
opponents on all sides of the political spectrum work together to defend
democracy.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Military
forces often play a role in protecting or attacking national electoral democracies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A recently published book shows that the U.S.
chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Trump administration, General Mark
Milley, the top U.S. military official, decided to fight Trump’s efforts to
destroy democracy in the U.S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>General
Milley realized that President Trump was more interested in his own personal political
gains <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/08/us/politics/trump-book-mark-milley.html">and</a>
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/08/us/politics/trump-book-mark-milley.html">embraced
tyranny and dictatorship</a> in 2020.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
considering resigning, he instead determined he wished to fight against Trump
while remaining the top military official, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/08/us/politics/trump-book-mark-milley.html">collaborated
on a daily phone call</a> with Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Trump’s own
chief of staff Mark Meadows to do so. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
soliciting advice on how to proceed from Robert Gates, a former CIA director
and former defense department cabinet secretary, General Milley also secured
the Joint Chiefs vice chair and the other military branch <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/inside-the-war-between-trump-and-his-generals">chiefs
to join him</a> if needed in his opposition to the President. These military and
government officials did what was needed to defend democracy.</p>
<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Public
Congressional hearings that began June 9, 2022 have demonstrated how important insiders
within the Trump administration were to blocking President Trump’s efforts to overturn
the election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jeffrey Rosen worked with
the White House counsel Pat Cipollone to fend off <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/us/politics/jan-6-timeline.html">efforts
by Trump to install a supporter</a> as head of the Department of Justice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Justice Department officials agreed with
lawyers from the White House to resign as a group if Trump replaced Jeffrey
Rosen, the Attorney General who was opposing Trump’s demands that he bring
fraudulent lawsuits, with Jeffrey Clark, a senior Justice Department lawyer who
supported Trump’s demands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They notified
President Trump in a meeting on January 3, 2021 that the entire leadership of
he Justice Department and the White House counsel’s office would resign if
Trump acted to remove Rosen and install Clark as head of the Justice
Department. That group of lawyers from multiple Trump administration executive
branches did what is needed to defend democracy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">A variety of defenses of the
electoral process took place both within the Trump executive branch and from
officials in other areas of the government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other senior White House lawyers, like Erich Herschmann and even at one key
point Rudy Giuliani, along with the Department of Homeland Security acting
deputy secretary Kenneth Cuccinelli II, opposed efforts to persuade President
Trump to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/us/politics/jan-6-timeline.html">use
the U.S. military to seize voting machines</a> and rerun the election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The highest ranking Republican has become the
best known to oppose Trump’s efforts to remain in office, Vice President Mike
Pence, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/us/politics/jan-6-timeline.html">rebuffing
repeated attempts</a> of President Trump to pressure him to support the illegal
efforts. The fight within the Trump administration was so serious that Vice President
Trump’s chief of staff even notified the security service that there might be
security risks to the Vice President. Evidence that President Trump agreed with
those who wanted the Vice President to be killed supports that estimation. These
Republican officials did what is needed to defend democracy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some of
the more revealing testimony occurred only recently, when a key aide to Trump
Chief-of-Staff Mark Meadows publicly claimed that Trump ordered the removal of
metal detectors outside the Capitol building even though <a href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-06-28/jan-6-hearing-day-6">he
knew the protestors were armed with weapons</a>. Cassidy Hutchinson, Meadow’s
aide, also recounted how the security detail charged with President Trump’s
safety also forced the President to return his offices at the White House.
Multiple officials and the White House legal counsel Pat Cipollone and others
knew that the President was considering accompanying the protestors to the
Capitol, and Cipollone advised Trump’s closest staff advisors to ensure that
did not happen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After President Trump declared
during his speech to the January 6 protestors that he would go with them to the
Capitol building, his driver and Bobby Engle, a security official in the
vehicle, <a href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-06-28/jan-6-hearing-day-6">instead
took Trump to the White House over strenuous objections</a> and against orders
to take him to the Capitol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While there are
<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/01/politics/secret-service-lunging-incident/index.html">conflicting
versions</a> regarding whether President Trump tried to take the wheel of the
vehicle himself and whether he physically attacked the security agent who
refused his orders, it is now clear that the driver and other members of Trump’s
security detail physically prevented the President from going to the Capitol.
Cipollone and Engle and the President’s January 6 driver did what is needed to
defend democracy on January 6 despite the risks to their careers and to their
persons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The defensive maneuvers seen in the
United States defending the election results do not mean that the United States
is currently a successful democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Trump had been emboldened by the success of previous efforts to elect a
president in the United States when the candidate did not win the national
election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Republican party candidates
for president in 2000 and 2016, George W. Bush and Donald Trump, took office despite
losing the popular vote. George Bush did so through the workings of the
electoral college and after a dispute in the U.S. court system and the U.S.
Supreme Court. The conflicts in 2019 around electoral officials and the recount
process resulted in part from the awareness in both Democrat and Republican
parties of the way that <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-brooks-brothers-riot-stop-count-protests-draw-comparisons-november-2000-election-chaos-1544989">paid
attack teams besieged the Florida recount</a> process in 2000, the so-called Brooks
Brothers Riot.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Multiple aspects of the United
States government made successes by candidates who lost the popular vote possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First is the electoral college. Second is the
role of the <a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/577428-a-politicized-supreme-court-that-was-the-point/">increasingly
politicized Supreme Court</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Third is
the filibuster, a convention that empowers “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/books/review-kill-switch-modern-senate-adam-jentleson.html">a
minority of white conservatives to override our democratic system</a>,” in the
words of a recent analysis. These three mechanisms are a short list of a much
longer set of problematic ways that the rule of the few is guaranteed in the
United States.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2013/04/a-democratic-revolution-egypt-at-two.html">Debates
over the effectiveness of entering into government service</a> at defending
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Some may see continuing support
for Trump in the United States as part of Republican Party politics. But the
successes at preventing Trump’s coup attempt of Republican administration
employees demonstrate that small “d” democracy is not a partisan issue.<span> </span>While elections are a weak democratic
mechanism <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2017/05/defend-democracy-tactics-to-trump.html">easily
overwhelmed</a> by <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2021/05/defend-democracy-fighting-democratic.html">various
strategies</a>, in the Trump administration Republican officials stepped up to
protect the integrity of the 2020 election results.</span></span> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Working
within a political system founded in violence in many ways, such as the
electoral democracy of the United States, means that democracy is only possible
when we <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/deconstruction-and-democracy-9780826499899/">practice
vigilance to keep watch over the violence</a>. Such vigilance is required when
working in social relations, rejecting those few who would <a href="https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/14511/">claim the general interest in
order to serve their narrow</a> interests. That is the work that makes
democracy possible, even when taking significant risks in confronting those who
would do what it takes to claim government for their own personal gain.</p>
<p></p>D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-87958378906992918222021-07-12T14:37:00.009-07:002021-07-12T14:38:45.275-07:00Emerging Abolition Spaces: Other Democracies<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Social movements to reduce police killings of unarmed people
and to abolish prisons has succeeded in <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4795-the-class-character-of-police-violence-in-south-africa">capturing
global attention</a> in the <a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/susiearmitage/2016-was-the-year-black-lives-matter-went-global">past
few years</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These movements are also <a href="https://www.akpress.org/beyond-survival-e-book.html">building collective
organizations</a> and structures to replace the state bodies responsible for
the police killings and unequal incarceration of Black and other community
members. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A broad transformation of <a href="https://m4bl.org/policy-platforms/">both policy</a> and <a href="https://gsanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Emergent-Strategy-by-adrienne-maree-brown.pdf">everyday
lived social relations</a> is the goal of The Black Lives Matter movement, like
the older <a href="https://abolitionjournal.org/studyguide/">abolition movement</a>
to abolish prisons in the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So these movements are not limited to defunding the police and abolishing
prisons in the United States and other countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Transforming social relations in this approach is tied to the
ethical challenge of justice, as in the term <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/what-is-prison-abolition/">“transformative
justice”</a> preferred by <a href="https://www.akpress.org/beyond-survival-e-book.html">some in these
movements</a>. And this transformative work is widespread. Groups like <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">Sister
to Sister</a> (173-8) in Brooklyn, New York and the <a href="https://batjc.wordpress.com/">Bay Area Transformative Justice Collective</a>
have been doing the work for many years, while the explosion of <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2020/03/other-democracies-mutual-aid-and.html">mutual
aid organizations</a> and other grassroots efforts in 2020 have expanded
exponentially the range of these organizations. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The goals of these movements may also be summarized by the phrase,
“<a href="https://transformharm.org/">Transform Harm</a>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They work to reduce not only the harm of
state organizations, like the police and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the courts, but also individual harm (such as domestic violence) and
broad systemic harms (like those of colonialism and white supremacy). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What does this look like in practice?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Collective organizing is used to direct attention away from
the privatized individualism that is typical of many European-derived modern
movements (capitalism; electoral democracy; human rights; etc.). This also
allows the movements to emphasize the importance of <a href="https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1664-we-do-this-til-we-free-us">building
new social structures and systems</a> rather than focusing on the individual
harms that come about through policing and prisons. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By working in <a href="https://gsanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Emergent-Strategy-by-adrienne-maree-brown.pdf">decentralized
networks</a> (83ff, 93-7, 230), the abolition movement accomplishes several
goals. This horizontal structure avoids the inequality of such centralized,
hierarchically organized institutions as the nation-state, the corporation, and
the modern school. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spreading decision
making powers among all participants through <a href="http://adriennemareebrown.net/tag/emergent-strategy/">consensus and other
practices</a> (230-36), rather than centralizing them in leadership, also
forces the collective group to work with group participants who have diverse
experiences and perspectives, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">broadening
the range of wisdom</a> and knowledge contributing to the group’s direction.
And decentralized networks are also <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2019/08/other-democracies-long-lasting.html">well-known
for the difficulties</a> they present to those who would destroy them through attacks
by the state or other opposition organizations. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The work takes concentrated, sustained efforts to identify
and redirect those parts of our lives that make us <a href="https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1664-we-do-this-til-we-free-us">complicit
with the pervasive violent modes</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(139-47) of social relations in modern
societies, including not only acts of interpersonal violence but also <a href="https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1664-we-do-this-til-we-free-us">everyday
forms of violence</a> (82-101). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It also requires a <a href="http://adriennemareebrown.net/tag/emergent-strategy/">retooling of the
imagination</a> to begin to live outside the limits of what modern societies
teach as possible, training ourselves to practice social relations that center
care for the other rather than preservation of the self. Through these practices
<a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072381">democracy
can come to represent all</a>, including the most marginal and those the
nation-state would rather lock away or destroy. </p>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-11025877896475682112021-05-27T14:45:00.004-07:002021-05-27T21:53:30.296-07:00Defend Democracy: Fighting Democratic Erosion <p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Democracy must be actively maintained to remain strong. Yet
few nations train their citizens in the skills needed to keep democratic
practices and public accountability strong. This failure benefits interest groups
who work to erode democratic responsiveness to the needs of the public, and
instead fight for narrow interests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Much attention has been centered on coup attempts and other
dramatic events when anti-democratic <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1091692">groups</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt">individuals</a>,
or even <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/opinion/afd-germany-ban.html">political
parties</a> attempt to end democratic systems. Yet the successes (as in
Myanmar) or failures (as in the United States) to overthrown electoral systems are
shaped by long-term struggles to erode or defend democracies. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While academic scholars of democratic governance have not
given the gradual erosion of democratic practices much attention, there is a
sizeable amount of analysis of the toxic practices that eat away at democracies. Just
in the past ten years historians and political scientists <a href="https://www.anneapplebaum.com/book/twilight-of-democracy/">Anne Applebaum</a>,
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2018/jan/21/this-is-how-democracies-die">Steven
Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt</a>, <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/202794/the-dictators-learning-curve-by-william-j-dobson/">William
Dobson</a>, and others have written about the U.S. context, while <a href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/training-manual-for-nonviolent-defense-against-the-coup-detat/">Richard Taylor</a>, <a href="https://www.aeinstein.org/books/the-ant-coup/">Gene Sharp, Bruce Jenkins</a>, and <a href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/civil-resistance-against-coups/">Stephen
Zunes</a> have complete books in English about the same problems globally; many
others have contributed work in other languages on the ways that democracies
are eroded.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The problems that the U.S. now faces are not new. And they
do not start or end with President Trump.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is much that supporters of democracy can do to fight
forces that erode democratic accountability and get it back on its feet.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When a political party turns against electoral equality, as
the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/compromise-of-1877">Democratic
Party did after 1877</a> and as the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/opinion/gop-trump-2020-election.html">Republican
party in the United States has in 2021</a>, then the nation can defend against internal
threats to the democratic process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-of-voting-rights-act/">2013
Supreme Court decision in the United States weakened</a> the land mark 1965
Voting Rights Act that attempted to respond to decades of Jim Crow voter
disenfranchisement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More recently Republican
legislators in the United States have made <a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/551439-is-america-slipping-to-autocracy">over
300 proposals in nearly every state</a> just in the past few months to limit
access to voting, penalize those who try to support voters, and weaken the
voices of voters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When the Alternative for Germany party took clear
anti-immigrant and anti-Islam positions that rejected rights to vote for those
groups, for example, the German government began to consider exercising its “defensive
democracy” constitutional provisions. These provisions were added to the German
constitution after World War II to make it possible <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/opinion/afd-germany-ban.html">to
investigate and ban political parties that threaten the democratic order,</a>
as Hitler’s political party did before the war began. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not all nations have established ways to defend against
internal threats to democracy like those in Germany’s constitution. Yet
democratic systems are <a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=6908">notoriously
vulnerable</a> to capture by narrow interests, by anti-democratic forces. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Policy makers in the U.S. have responded in 2020 with the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/4263/text">John
Lewis Voting Rights Act</a>, which would correct some of the weaknesses
introduced before Trump became President, and in 2021 after the January 6 attempted
coup with the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22hr1%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=1">For
the People Act</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet the
likelihood of either of these bills being passed by both houses, where the
Republicans still remain strong, is very low. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Direct attacks on electoral democracy have eroded democratic
accountability of elected leaders to voters in the United States. Yet these
problems persist not only in the United States and Myanmar, but in many other
major democracies: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/12/opinion/biden-democracy-alliance.html">India,
Poland, Hungary, Turkey, and others</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One major analysis of the varieties of democracy has even developed a
category of electoral democracy which function as autocracies, the <a href="https://www.v-dem.net/en/our-work/research-projects/v-aut/">“electoral
autocracy,”</a> and recently downgraded India to this category. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As voters lose faith in their governments, they sometimes
turn to practice other types of democracies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://tldd.johnkeane.net/glossary/assemblydemocracy/">Long-established
assembly forms of governance</a> have also proven very durable under decades
and even centuries of pressure by hostile, anti-democratic forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Practiced by long-standing Indigenous
communities, such as the Haudesaunee or Iroquois, successful social movements,
such as the Zapatistas and the Landless Workers Movement, and such global
organizations as Via Campesina, these democratic structures use consensus
rather than voting to decentralize decision-making power.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Democracy is healthy when its governing mechanisms are
responsive to the will of the people. The United States and many other nations
have a long way to go to achieve that goal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As adrienne maree brown argues, “<a href="https://www.akpress.org/emergentstrategy.html">we--Americans—don’t know
how to do democracy.</a> We don’t know how to make decisions together, how to
create generative compromises, how to advance policies that center justice.” Brown’s
point is that most social movements only know how to “advance false solutions,
things we can get corporate or governmental agreement on, which don’t actually
get us where we need to be.” (52) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For Brown democracy must come to mean more than what elected
leaders want, since the electoral system has been captured by the financial
interests that fund electoral campaigns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In her vision for democracy, democratic compromise is not limited by
that which seems possible in the world as we now know it but must respond
imaginatively to a need for justice beyond the possible. (17-19, 31) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The central place of the imagination and of love in these
democratic practices require <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2015/08/gayatri-spivak-on-democracy.html">new
visions</a> and <a href="https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1664-we-do-this-til-we-free-us">different
skills</a>. They also result in a politics that is unrecognizable to those who
can only conceive of democracy as an electoral system practiced first in Europe
and the U.S. and then globally. As more liberal democracies erode into
electoral autocracies, time will tell how the people will reclaim their rightful
central role in the decision-making that shapes their lives. </p>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-33063326112126883102020-11-24T10:24:00.004-08:002020-11-24T10:24:25.482-08:00Defend Democracy: Fighting Elected Leaders Who Won’t Leave Office<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When an elected leader takes office through
democratic means but won’t leave office when they lose an election or due to
term limits, democracy is in trouble. This presence of anti-democratic forces
active in electoral democratic systems is a major weakness, as </span><a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=6908"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jacques Derrida</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
and </span><a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/239222/hatred-of-democracy-by-jacques-ranciere/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jacques
Ranciére</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> have both argued. Yet the problem is very common,
as any quick historical review shows: </span><a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10151215"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duvalier in Hait</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I;
</span><a href="https://afrikanza.com/blogs/culture-history/worst-african-dictators"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ahmed
Sèkou Tourè</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in Guinea; Mussolini in Italy; Hitler
in Germany. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So when a U.S. president recently declared he </span><a href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/trump-leave-office/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">would
not leave office if he loses the vote</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, and repeatedly
invites his followers to elect him for “</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZ2yliiQ3FQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12 more years</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”
or “</span><a href="https://www.dcreport.org/2020/05/08/how-barr-is-advancing-trumps-quest-to-become-president-for-life/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">for
life</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,”
this problem seems to have arrived through the front door of one nation that
some identify with democracy. So how does a democratic nation respond?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The past few months have seen an outpouring in the
United States of organizing to prevent a sitting president who loses the
election from refusing to leave office. This organizing was fully in gear
before President Trump was </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/11/07/928803493/biden-wins-presidency-according-to-ap-edging-trump-in-turbulent-race"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">declared
the loser</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the presidential election on November 7, four
days after the Tuesday election. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since many citizens in the United States are
ignorant of the </span><a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2019/06/defend-democracy-national-states-of.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">global
history of elected leaders not leaving office</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and the common
experience of coups by elected officials, one group even developed a dashboard
website to gauge “</span><a href="https://isthisacoup.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Is
This a Coup?</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” Because ignorance, confusion, and
chaos are <a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/2020/11/the-degradation-of-american-democracy-and-the-court/">common
techniques used by autocrats</a>, clarity on what constitutes authoritarian
activities and coups is important to the process. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The organizations working to prevent full-blow
autocracy in the United States have a wide range of different approaches. There
are a number of organizations committed to nonviolent civil action, such as </span><a href="https://choosedemocracy.us/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ChooseDemocracy.US</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Frontline Election Defenders, which is a collaborative effort of </span><a href="https://m4bl.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Movement for Black Lives</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
and the </span><a href="https://workingfamilies.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Working Families
Party</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, and a group who wrote the “</span><a href="https://holdthelineguide.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hold the Line Guide</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.”
They have used long-established <a href="https://beautifultrouble.org/">non-violent
civil action training</a> practices and English-language scholarship in their
trainings, such as the work of <a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/genesharp">Gene
Sharp</a> at the <a href="https://www.aeinstein.org/">Albert Einstein Institute</a>,
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5E7K0xVJg">George Lakey</a>, <a href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/civil-resistance-against-coups/">Stephen
Zunes</a>, and others. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These organizations have attempted to appeal to a
wide range of citizens by emphasizing the integrity of the electoral process,
and even sending “<a href="https://www.mobilize.us/thefrontline/event/321224/">Election
Defenders</a>” to polling places to provide accompaniment and de-escalation for
voters who had been threatened with harassment and even gun-carrying thugs at
some polling places. These groups have been careful to maintain non-partisan
political positions, even though in the post-election period their work clearly
supports Biden’s efforts to take office after winning the popular vote. Because
of the gap between the popular vote and the electoral college vote in two
recent U.S. elections, 2000 and 2016, where the president was not determined by
who won the popular vote, the official state electoral college declarations at
this point remain in play. During the interim period between the election and
the state electoral college declarations, there will continue to be efforts to
change the electoral college process in favor of the sitting president, and
these organizations continue to mobilize their participants to ensure that the
electoral college reflects the popular vote.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other groups have been <a href="https://arminarm4climate.org/">more expansive in their fight</a> against
a possible coup, working with <a href="https://www.democracydefensecoalition.com/resources?link_id=14&can_id=63b5fabd78476935b0d6e8ef92c02360&source=email-thank-you-for-coming-to-tonights-general-assembly-2&email_referrer=email_991963&email_subject=30-days-of-vigilance-recap-from-nov-8th-genera">organizations
that have often supported particular political parties</a>, such as labor
unions, and even with groups with declared party affiliations. One such
impressive large coalition of organizations, </span><a href="https://protecttheresults.com/partners"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ProtecttheResults.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
includes as its partner organizations SEIU, a prominent labor union, and </span><a href="https://www.ruleoflawrepublicans.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Republicans for the
Rule of Law</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, as well as the <a href="https://blacklivesmatterpac.vote/">Black Lives Matter PAC</a>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because violence often gives autocrats reason to
crack down and use police, paramilitary, and military force, most of these
organizations have <a href="https://shutitdownnow.org/">carefully avoided
advocating violent</a> modes of resistance. Some movements have emerged from
long But the debates over the use of violence in radical organizing continue to
surface in the resistance to a possible coup attempt in the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is also clear that </span><a href="https://www.startribune.com/charges-boogaloo-bois-fired-on-mpls-precinct-shouted-justice-for-floyd/572843802/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">provocations
by individuals affiliated with white nationalism</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
and white supremacy resulted in violence at some protests this summer, however.
President Trump’s efforts to paint the Black Lives Matter protests as violent has
also served his election campaign goals while provoking widespread fear and
even <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2020-10-15/us-gun-sales-soar-amid-pandemic-social-unrest-election-fears">increasing
gun ownership</a> in the United States. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other social sectors in the United States are not
convinced that elections will bring the social equality that is democracy’s
main selling point. Long histories of unregulated domestic violence against
women, <a href="https://blackoutcollective.org/about/what-we-believe/">state
violence against black</a>, Indigenous, and other racial groups, and the <a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/2020/11/the-degradation-of-american-democracy-and-the-court/">rapidly
expanding wealth gap</a> in the United State remain reason for some to focus
their work in areas besides elections. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some democratic organizing requires work not around
elections but towards self-subsistent, autonomous governance. These approaches
include </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PTdT0KAPWjtSFuOqNMxUNW5acwhDacrBrY3-WLXDvn4/edit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mutual
aid organizing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in </span><a href="https://www.blacktranstravelfund.com/our-mission"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Black</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
</span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/forthegworls/?hl=en&link_id=11&can_id=a305183e5d7c275a6ee7d0f8cbcd9bba&source=email-there-is-no-movement-for-black-lives-without-black-trans-power-period&email_referrer=email_1001271&email_subject=there-is-no-movement-for-black-li"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trans</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
and other communities; Zapatista and other forms of </span><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Human-Dignity-Social-Autonomy-and-the-Critique-of-Capitalism/Bonefeld-Psychopedis/p/book/9781138266827"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">autonomy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">;
food justice and other </span><a href="https://viacampesina.org/en/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">subsistence
oriented community building</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. For these organizations the election
process is only a sideshow to their attempts to <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">produce
equality within organizations and local spaces</a>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">President Trump does have at his disposal not only
all the power of the executive branch, such as the power to replace military
leadership and send the Attorney General to do his bidding, he also has the </span><a href="https://protecttheresults.com/partners"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">expansive powers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
of a declared domestic state of National Emergency, which he </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/15/national-emergency-border-wall-trump-latest-news"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">declared
in February, 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. So his attempts to remain in office
will not be concluded until the January inauguration, and the impacts of his <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/23/opinion/trump-election-courts.html">erosion
of electoral processes will have long-term effects</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Only time will tell whether the efforts to oppose a
coup by a sitting president will be successful in the United States. Similar
efforts have been successful in other countries, such as in </span><a href="https://wagingnonviolence.org/2020/09/10-things-you-need-to-know-to-stop-a-coup/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1978
in Bolivia and 1961 in France</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and in 2004 in the </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzleiHyxq7M&feature=youtu.be"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukraine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
But sitting presidents have also been successful at changing popular vote
tallies and outcomes in order to remain in office, as seen in </span><a href="https://www.fairvote.org/mexico-s-divisive-presidential-election-system-2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mexico
in 1988</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span><a href="https://spring96.org/en/news/95183"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Belarus
in 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, and on many other occasions. Whatever happens in
the present U.S. electoral cycle, there is little promise that it will bring the
equality that democracy promises.</span></p>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-42185125570551569082020-08-31T14:42:00.009-07:002020-09-01T10:22:21.790-07:00Defend Democracy: Building Social Groups to Strengthen Democratic Power<p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">The
<a href="https://www.pippanorris.com/cultural-backlash-1/">warnings</a> about a surge towards autocracy in the United
States, Europe, Turkey, and the Philipines have turned from a <a href="https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-jc-fascism-studies-college-books-20190503-story.html">steady stream</a> to a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/opinion/wisconsin-primary-democracy.html">flood</a> in the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/24/us/politics/trump-2020-election-voting-rights.html">past year</a>. But there is
much we can do to build stronger centers for democratic power. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Democracy comes from the people, not
from governments. So organized communities can hold governments accountable and
<a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/202794/the-dictators-learning-curve-by-william-j-dobson/">pressure them to become more democratic</a>. <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Popular movements successfully <a href="https://www.akpress.org/territoriesinresistance-html.html">pressing for
democratic practices</a> and freedoms fill the past half century of Latin
America’s recent history in <a href="https://www.mstbrazil.org/content/what-mst">Brazil</a>, <a href="https://nacla.org/article/mapuche-movement-popular-unity-and-contemporary-left">Chile</a>,
<a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/zapatistas-lecciones-de-auto-organizaci%C3%B3n-comunitaria-en/">Mexico</a>,
<a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Rhythms-of-the-Pachakuti/">Bolivia</a>, and
beyond. </span><a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/23/belarus-protests-nato-alert-400365">Protestors
in Belarus</a> this summer have shown how popular protest can pressure elected
leaders who put their personal interests above those of the country. Successful
popular movements have overthrown presidents in <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7012158.stm">Burma</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/16/argentina">Argentina</a>,
and <a href="http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2080036_2080037_2080039,00.html">Egypt</a>
and changed policies in many other nations.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
study of <a href="https://www.aeinstein.org/from-dictatorship-to-democracy/">weaknesses
in autocracy</a> by Gene Sharp, who explored resistance movements in India,
Panama, Poland, Chile, and Thailand, found <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8841546/Gene-Sharp-How-to-Start-a-Revolution.html">multiple
centers for democratic power</a>. These centers of power include not only
government bodies but also many non-governmental groups and institutions. While
many are familiar with major non-governmental institutions that claim to
promote democracy, such as mass media, political parties, watchdog
organizations, unions, churches, and economic bodies, not all recognize the
importance for democracy of less formal social groups.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Increased involvement in such <a href="https://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/FDTD.pdf">informal
social groups</a> is an important way that we can strengthen the
structural base for a free democratic society. Neighborhood councils, sports
clubs, student groups, cultural associations, musical groups, or other common
interest groups: <a href="https://www.aeinstein.org/">any group that knits
people together</a> in ways that can be activated when democracy needs to be
defended. Such groups might form in urban (reading groups; community garden
groups), suburban (sewing groups; youth groups; permaculture groups), or rural settings
(small farmer associations; cooking clubs).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Many such groups have formed during the pandemic as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/us/politics/michigan-coronavirus-help.html">communities </a>develop <a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2020/03/">mutual aid resources</a> for meeting needs that governments won't address. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">The Movement for Black Lives and other supporters of the Black Lives
Matter movement actively <a href="https://m4bl.org/black-national-convention/">bring people together in new ways</a> to practice
<a href="https://joyfulmilitancy.com/">joyful ways of being together.</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Getting to know others in these
group settings resists autocracy because it brings people together.
Authoritarians must divide to conquer. So building relationships with those
unlike yourself weakens authoritarian attempts to divide. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Participating in informal groups is
also an important tactic for keeping democracies healthy, in the view of the <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder">historian Tim Snyder</a> who
has studied Nazi groups in Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="oi732d6d">Put your body in unfamiliar places with unfamiliar people is one
of his </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/timothy.david.snyder/posts/1206636702716110">twenty
points for protecting democracy</a><span class="oi732d6d">. Another one is “stay in touch with your surroundings, break down unnecessary social
barriers, and come to understand whom you should and should not trust.”
Building trust with people you do not customarily befriend is an important part
of defending democracy.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/timothy.david.snyder/posts/1206636702716110">Protecting
institutions</a><span class="oi732d6d"> that counterbalance executive power or
bring hidden activities to light is also important in protecting democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Supporting an independent judiciary, investigative journalism, and other pillars of democratic governance will strengthen democracy.<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">When democracy suddenly seems at
risk these organizations will emerge as needed, or they can be formed before
needed to defend democracy. When Pakistan tried to force courts to support the
government, <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pakistan-can-the-black-coats-restore-democracy-c297w9lb926">lawyers
came out in force</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 2007 to keep
the courts independent. When economic experts in Argentina tried to close the
banks so that the World Bank could be paid its debts, a massive explosion of
neighborhood councils and street organizations emerged (complete with <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkRZ7x9pSBE">homemade musical
accompaniment</a>) in late 2001. Many of these organizations remain at work to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FakxAEJFacw">exert pressure on their</a>
government to remain democratic to this day. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sharp#Influence_in_Egypt">When
subjects do not obey, rulers have no power</a>. While activists in some thirty
countries have used this approach to resist dictators and overthrow oligarchs, theorists
such as <a href="https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Discipline_and_Punish.html?id=d2hHAAAAMAAJ">Michel
Foucault</a> have found that <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/55036/the-history-of-sexuality-by-michel-foucault/">power
is not monopolized</a> by those who seem to have it. Jacques Derrida argued
that <a href="https://www.academia.edu/38427509/Jacques_Derrida_Structure_Sign_and_Play">centralized
institutions</a> like governments depend on a sleight of hand to trick people
into giving up their own agency. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">If autocrats do take power, <a href="https://www.howtostartarevolution.org/">Gene Sharp</a> and others will
still be around to help those of us who want democracy back. There is even a <a href="https://api.24symbols.net/author/gene-sharp?id=36556">phone app</a> on Sharp’s
work! And there are many other ways to advocate for democracy when an elected national
leader goes rogue and tries to turn an electoral government into a single-party
autocracy. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Social division is an autocrat’s
best friend. So joining groups with new friends and building trust knits
society across divisions. Gayatri Spivak invites us to <a href="https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/engl-218-fall2010/files/Righting-Wrongs.pdf">practice
democracy by listening effectively</a> to those with whom we do not identify,
so we can build trust with subalterns over the long term. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Friendships and organizations can
reach across national borders. So “<span class="oi732d6d">Learn from others in
other countries. Keep up your friendships abroad, or </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/timothy.david.snyder/posts/1206636702716110">make
new friends abroad</a><span class="oi732d6d">” in the words again of Tim Snyder. Reaching
out internationally builds bridges from the local to the global, work that may
provide resources if needed.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">These actions will hinder the
one-party state, which often emerge from two-party or multi-party electoral
systems. Remember that many dictators were once brought to power by elections: <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10151215">Duvalier in Hait</a>I; <a href="https://afrikanza.com/blogs/culture-history/worst-african-dictators">Ahmed
Sèkou Tourè</a> in Guinea; Mussolini in Italy; Hitler in Germany. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">History will show whether elected
leaders active today will prove to be autocrats in the making: Duterte in the
Philippines, Erdogan in Turkey, and Trump in the United States. But the time to
act is now.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">The future is ours to make. Make it
with friends new and old, in organizations large and small, networked locally
and globally.</span></span> </p>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-75681672173454309022020-06-30T18:56:00.000-07:002020-06-30T18:56:09.788-07:00Racial Inequality and Democracy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Democracy <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp">promises equality</a>
in the abstract, but often does not deliver. Sometimes it takes a crisis to
bring this inequality to wide attention. Our present day has plunged into just such
a crisis in at least two ways.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Since members of some social
sectors continually confront the violent impacts of what passes for democracy
in most nation-states, they already know that inequality is a major weakness for
democracy. But among those belonging to privileged groups generally protected
from democracy’s destructive daily impacts, crises like the COVID19 pandemic
and the police shootings of innocents are what it takes to wake them up to the
problem.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
During the Corona virus pandemic
inequality in <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/30/865413079/what-do-coronavirus-racial-disparities-look-like-state-by-state">health
care</a> and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/06/layoffs-race-poll-coronavirus/">job
markets</a> became more obvious to those in more protected groups. News media
began reporting on higher rates of unemployment, infection rates, and deaths
among African Americans and Latinos in the U.S. context, and similar impacts
were found in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/20/coronavirus-racial-inequality-uk-housing-employment-health-bame-covid-19">Britain</a>
and other countries. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Increased awareness and outrage at
the unequal impacts of police violence has emerged from recent successes of the
Black Lives Matter movement in the U.S., and this outrage has found resonance
from London and Paris to <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-06-17/a-teens-killing-stirs-black-lives-matter-protests-in-brazil">Rio
de Janeiro</a> and <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/09/africa/africa-black-lives-matter-opinion-intl/index.html">Cape
Town, South Africa</a>. As U.S. resistance to state violence increases, some
Black parents of young people killed by the police have even asked for an <a href="https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/families-rights-groups-demand-un-investigate-us-police-brutality-protest-suppression">intervention
from the United Nations</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Racism also has violent effects in
more subtle ways. Communities of color often enforce racist preferences for
light skin tones internally, a problem that is found in the <a href="http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0014221/cain_c.pdf">Caribbean</a>, Latin
America, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/28/world/asia/india-skin-color-unilever.html">India</a>,
and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/apr/18/shades-of-black-how-readers-responded-colorism">England</a>
and is not limited to the <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096054/">United
States</a> and Canada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While these
self-inflicted modes of racism can have significant economic and social
impacts, they also impact the sense of self worth and value that may make <a href="https://blacklivesmatter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/BLM_HealinginAction-1-1.pdf">healing</a>
internalized oppression an important part of anti-racist work.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Equality itself is a value that
derives from a time when slavery and colonialism were widely practiced, the
eighteenth century. The recent decision by British corporations such as <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/lloyds-of-london-and-greene-king-to-make-slave-trade-reparations">Lloyds
of London founded in that era</a> to acknowledge their complicity with slavery
and pay reparations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
As Emmanuel Eze has shown, <a href="https://blogs.umass.edu/afroam391g-shabazz/files/2010/01/Eze-on-Kants-Race-Theory.pdf">race
was a central theme</a> in the production of the “universal” subjects who may
have appeared to be equal to white Europeans, but who were actively being
enslaved and colonized during the Enlightenment. Gayatri Spivak has shown how
such major European thinkers as Immanuel Kant and G.W.F. Hegel <a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674177642&content=reviews">privileged
European populations</a> in their thinking about the ideals and practices of “modern”
practices like the nation-state and democracy.</div>
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As anti-racists reconsider the
effectiveness of courts, electoral systems, and other institutions that have
their origins in a period of European history known for its white supremacy,
they may also come to reconsider whether equality itself is an effective belief
in fighting racism and white supremacy. The persistence of police and other
state violence <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/us/groups-unite-across-america-to-protest-police-shootings.html">despite
reforms</a> suggests the problem will require solutions that <a href="https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article243392761.html">go
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
decline of trust in the police, courts, and governments as a result has
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solutions. Wresting decision-making from the “experts” who have <a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2020/06/29/protest-and-the-post-legitimation-state/">made
democracies into austerity zones</a> protecting <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/385-hatred-of-democracy">oligarchies who
hate democracy</a> will take more than street protests. Our historical moment will
surely test us to see if it is really democracy we want.</div>
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D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-22394498820587072502020-04-28T19:58:00.000-07:002020-04-28T19:58:35.774-07:00Defend Democracy: Literacy and Citizenship<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
basic conditions does democracy require? If democracy requires elections, then
reading might be one fundamental condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reading makes it possible to review candidate statements, follow news
reports about the impacts of candidate policies, write letters or emails to let
their elected representatives know where they stand, and draft proposals for elected
leaders to consider. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Yet literacy is not widely held to
be a condition for democracy, and many democracies have surprisingly large numbers
of illiterate citizens as voters. <a href="http://www.uis.unesco.org/Literacy/Pages/default.aspx">UNESCO estimates
range from 800 million</a> to <a href="http://www-01.sil.org/literacy/LitFacts.htm">one billion people globally are
without the ability</a> to read or count at a level that allows for full social
participation as citizens. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Those who are without these skills often abandon the notion that they
are full participants in their government, leaving the business of governing to
educated classes and experts. Their normal lives do not include the assumption
that they can participate in public discussion and in managing their own
affairs, what some call <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/can-the-subaltern-speak/9780231143851">subalternity</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
This abandonment of citizenship is a blow to democracy. Yet subalterns can
transform their assumption that the governments of the territories where they
live will never serve their interests.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Many citizens cannot read,
including those in wealthy countries like the United States. <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/current_results.asp">Recent data</a>
shows that 19% of the U.S. adult population does not have basic reading skills,
and 29% do not have basic number skills, a slight increase in <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/naal/kf_demographics.asp">illiteracy over the past
quarter century</a>. In countries widely accepted as democratic yet struggling
with profound inequality, like <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/mx">Mexico</a>
and <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/in">India</a>, very large numbers
of their citizens are not literate: over 4 million adults in Mexico and over 250
million adults in India. Other countries may hold elections but many doubt that
democracy is possible when large social sectors remain unable to read, as in <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/eg">Egypt</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where some 20 miillion are illiterate, and Brazil,
where over 10 million are unable to read a ballot. Other countries claim to be
democracies when large percentages of their population are not literate:
including some of those least successful at democratizing wealth and social
equity, like <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/bd">Bangladesh</a> (25%)
and <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ht">Haiti</a> (40%).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Should citizens be able to read?
The answer to that question is not settled in policy and judicial arenas. A
landmark court decision was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/us/detroit-literacy-lawsuit-schools.html">just
issued by a Federal Court of Appeals</a> in the United States stating the
literacy is foundation for citizens, for example, but that decision may be
appealed. The judge in the case noted that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/us/detroit-literacy-lawsuit-schools.html">white
people have repeatedly withheld education</a> as a way to deny political power
to African Americans and members of other groups. The United States Supreme
Court has not been supportive of educational equality, so if the recent
decision is appealed it may not have long-term traction. Even when court decisions
force states to increase school funding, as in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/us/detroit-literacy-lawsuit-schools.html">a
California February, 2020 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>court decision</a>,
the courts may not mandate enough funding to correct the many problems causing
poor school performance. The specific <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/us/detroit-literacy-lawsuit-schools.html">problems
in Detroit included</a> adequate physical facilities, qualified teachers
consistently present in classrooms, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/us/detroit-literacy-lawsuit-schools.html">relevant</a>
textbooks (Detroit students were given biology textbooks for physics classes).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Work with subalterns can take
literacy and other citizenship skills as its goal. This work would need to
include the interruption of <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Spivak-Reader-Selected-Works-of-Gayati-Chakravorty-Spivak/Spivak-Landry-MacLean/p/book/9780415910019">subaltern
notions of their normal lives as cut off</a> from public participation, what
Gayatri Spivak calls the <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/can-the-subaltern-speak/9780231143851">“uncoercive
rearrangement of the desires”</a> for subalterns. This work requires building
an infrastructure that can recognize subaltern desires operating in terms that
differ from those of European-derived education and liberal humanism, so that what
subaltern communities are always already saying can be heard and recognized as
political speech. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Rather than attempting to better
the subaltern conditions along Eurocentric avenues of development, this
infrastructural work will have to <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/can-the-subaltern-speak/9780231143851">change
what education means</a> to begin to recognize subalterns and literate rural
communities in the global south as agents of production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This work may <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Spivak-Reader-Selected-Works-of-Gayati-Chakravorty-Spivak/Spivak-Landry-MacLean/p/book/9780415910019">produce
democratic mechanisms</a> and forms of social justice that can accommodate rather
than block subalterns from access to mobility and citizenship. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Rather than working for the narrow
interests of the educated and wealthy, this infrastructural building project
requires that we rethink the interests we serve and <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Spivak-Reader-Selected-Works-of-Gayati-Chakravorty-Spivak/Spivak-Landry-MacLean/p/book/9780415910019">consider
serving those with whom we have been taught to not identify</a>, our Others. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
If those reading this blogpost are literate,
then subalterns are you Others. If you have voted in an election, then your
Others are those who never vote. If you have been served by your elected
representatives, then subalterns are your Others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
This transformation of political
work can become an entry into democracy for all, rather than for the few. It
begins with illiteracy, with those who have long been shut out of democracy, the
unrepresentable, the others of democracy.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-56332071564021998692020-03-31T16:17:00.001-07:002022-08-11T14:36:47.896-07:00Other Democracies: Mutual Aid and Benefit Organizations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Protecting
communities and aiding vulnerable members of communities becomes a high
priority in times of conflict and disaster. Some even say that the duties of
protection and aid for the vulnerable are the highest priorities for political bodies,
such as governments, local neighborhoods, and grassroots organizations. <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Yet few elected democracies and organizations
make this their highest priority.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Benefit organizations often make <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF-6DTX8ztI">equality possible in
practice</a> that is impossible under electoral democracy and other political structures
that promise equality but rarely deliver. In exchanging equal say in decisions, what some call <a href="https://www.akpress.org/horizontalism.html">horizontalism</a>, for shared resources distributed according to need, benefit societies produce more equal social outcomes for those in need. They also educate
their communities about how to put equality into practice. <a href="https://bigdoorbrigade.com/mutual-aid-toolbox/affinity-groups/">Easy to
form when many people work together</a> with shared interests and goals, mutual
aid and mutual benefit organizations have a long history and an active presence
today.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
As <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3684463.html">modern
governmentality</a> has come to emphasize the surveillance and enforcement of behavioral
norms over care for the population during the past several centuries, governments
often lose sight of what many see as their primary purpose: protection and aid
for citizens. As enclosure and industrialization forced people off the land
where they could care for their own basic needs and displaced them into urban
settings, people turned to each other when <a href="https://www.aim-mutual.org/who-we-are/">employers and governments did not
ensure</a> their safety and welfare. As governments come under the sway of the
wealthy and of other narrow interests, then they put <a href="https://www.amazon.com/People-Before-Profit-Globalization-Economic/dp/0312306709">profits
before people</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
changes over past centuries have meant that many governments take their own
self-preservation as a higher priority. As a result, some governments put
protecting the leaders and administrators of nation-states before protecting
the common person and before ensuring the care of vulnerable populations. This priority
reversal can be seen when government leaders enter conflicts unnecessarily where
many citizens die, especially conflicts without direct threats to the nation-state.
It can also be seen when disaster strikes and the <a href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739195697/Nuclear-Tsunami-The-Japanese-Government-and-America%27s-Role-in-the-Fukushima-Disaster">government
does not care effectively</a> for those affected or, worse, <a href="https://naomiklein.org/the-shock-doctrine/">takes advantage of disasters
to implement policies</a> opposed by its citizens. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In times of disaster and conflict,
those social sectors that have not found governments reliable turn to other
means to protect and care for their community members. As governments fail to
serve all members of their populations, communities may seek out other ways to
manage their own affairs. Some of those other means include benefit
organizations and mutual aid societies, organizations that practice a specific
form of democratic self-governance known as democracy from below or direct democracy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Benefit societies and mutual aid
organizations are often seen as a type of <a href="https://www.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=432">communalism</a>,
long-established practices that experiment with attempts to find better ways to
live while providing concrete benefits to participants. By sharing not only
resources but also conviviality, these organizations provide an ethics that is
missing from capitalism and electoral democracy. In educating their members and
encouraging shared social norms, they may provide a sense of community that prioritizes
sharing over private gain. By practicing reciprocity rather than charity, they
provide important sources of belonging and mutual care that differs from the benevolence
found in twentieth-century charities and twenty-first century non-profits and
non-governmental organizations. While less functionally specific than
cooperatives, <a href="https://www.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=432">communal
movement</a> have often been a resource for those who wished to escape
oppressive conditions and find <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3682810.html">liberation</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
What are today called “benefit
organizations” are a very old type of organization, perhaps as old as
government itself. They generally form when social networks take action to care
for a population, whether an occupational group, an ethnic or religious group
(often under attack from other social sectors), a town or regional community, or
other social groups that determine it is time to act to care for their shared
interests. In this sense, “benefit organization” or “mutual aid” are more
general terms for <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">self-government</a>
or for <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0486613407306826">autonomy</a>
or even for what many refer to as “<a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/indigenous-peoples-and-autonomy">sovereignty</a>”
or “<a href="https://www.fordhampress.com/9780823276691/political-concepts/">politics</a>.”
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
While some associate mutual aid with
European organizations, this type of collective care has a long history in
other regions, such as <a href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55/587.html">Asia</a> and <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3772875?seq=1">Africa</a>. While some <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lReWpkn0dU">schools of thought</a> and <a href="http://www.mutualist.org/">economic practice</a>, such as libertarianism,
anarchism, and some schools of socialism, have tried to claim mutualism as
their own, others find the practice of caring for the vulnerable in society to
be broader than any specific sectarian interest. <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organizations
from communities using approaches as varied as <a href="https://www.iwgia.org/en/resources/publications/305-books/2656-indigenous-autonomy-in-mexico.html">Indigenous
autonomy</a> and <a href="http://unistoten.camp/">cultural revitalization</a> movements,
<a href="https://www.mstbrazil.org/content/what-mst">landless workers</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Z4q3MFEVCw">slum dwellers</a>, and other
<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X13485706">urban
subalterns</a> have worked collectively to protect and care for their community
members. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Benefit orders and mutual aid
societies were commonplace in much of the world until the <a href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807848418/from-mutual-aid-to-the-welfare-state/">modern
welfare state</a> and for-profit corporations and nation-states began to
compete for their members. Many of their features have been taken over by
for-profit entities, such as insurance companies and health-care companies, and
by non-profit organizations like credit unions and religious charities, so some
modern benefit societies now take these forms. The penetration of the modern,
centralized nation-state into local governmental affairs was another major
competitor for benefit organizations, and their <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Sitrin,%20Marina,%20Everyday%20Revolutions:%20Horizontalism%20and%20Autonomy%20in%20Argentina,%20Zed%20Books,">failure
to effectively care for the basic needs</a> of all may be seen in the
flourishing of organizations like <a href="https://reclaimingourhomes.org/about/">Reclaim Our Homes</a> and <a href="https://www.habitat.org/">Habitat for Humanity</a>, two of the best-known
benefit organizations in the United States. The transnational donor structures
of civil society organizations and international non-governmental organizations
like the Red Cross and Red Crescent are a distorted form of benefit societies
on a global scale, often transforming private resources into mechanisms that
care for vulnerable populations based on a charity model rather than by
building reciprocal relations. The continuing presence of mutual aid
organizations is also seen strongly in Europe, where they <a href="https://www.aim-mutual.org/">still supplement health care</a> for many. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Today these organizations go by
many other names, many of which are familiar: labor or trade unions; credit
unions; immigrant hometown societies; friendly societies and secret societies; self-help
groups; coworking communities, and many others. Rural communities in the Global
South and pre-capitalist guilds and neighborhoods have long put mutual benefit practices
into place as a way to engage community members. In urban communities where the
unemployed and <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/economies-of-abandonment">others
abandoned by the nation-state</a> have come together to serve their own needs also
<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13604810600982222">practice
mutual aid and benefit</a> in such forms as social centers and unions of the
unemployed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Mutual aid community organizing
often <a href="https://lithub.com/rebecca-solnit-how-to-survive-a-disaster/">emerges
in post-disaster circumstances</a>, and the current corona virus pandemic has
inspired many to suggest mutual aid as an important resource. These spontaneous
organizations have emerged also in times of political struggle, as in <a href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai/community/text5/text5read.htm">resistance
to slavery</a>, the Tienanmen Square Protests of 1989, and the Los Angeles
uprising of 1992. Already established benefit organizations, such as the <a href="https://www.npr.org/2017/12/12/570248798/village-movement-allows-elderly-to-age-in-their-homes">Village
Movement</a> in the Untied States, have <a href="https://www.vtvnetwork.org/">already
begun to respond</a> to the corona virus, for example. New mutual organizations
have also emerged in response to the pandemic in the <a href="http://bigdoorbrigade.com/">United States</a> and other locations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Benefit societies can also be
formalized through charters, incorporation, and other modes of communal or <a href="https://www.naic.org/store/free/MDL-675.pdf">governmental recognition</a>.
Many benefit societies currently active were established a century or more ago,
and have incorporated to carry out their activities, including <a href="https://www.woodmenlife.org/">Woodmen of the World</a>, the Knights of
Columbus, and <a href="https://teacherslife.com/">Teachers Life</a>. While some
of these groups have very long roots, they remain a <a href="https://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/communications/georgetown_whitepaper.pdf">significant
force in the twenty-first century</a> with some 9 million members and about $400
billion dollars (US) in assets in the United States alone.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While the
language of benefit societies and mutual aid may not be familiar to all in our
day, that is because the nation-state and for-profit and non-profit
organizations have eclipsed them in public awareness. When the European
health-care industry and the American Association of Retired People and other
mainstream organizations advocate joining or <a href="https://aarpcommunityconnections.org/starting-a-mutual-aid-group/">starting
your own mutual aid group</a>, however, then what might seem like an antiquated
organizational model has clearly entered the mainstream. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If you
wish to practice equality, it is as easy as volunteering with the Village
Movement or Habitat for Humanity, participating in a hometown organization, becoming
a union or credit union member, or <a href="https://aarpcommunityconnections.org/search-results/">joining other mutual
aid groups near you</a>. When the inequality of centralized hierarchies like
private corporations, non-profit organizations, or nation-states are recognized
as generators of the inequality they disavow but cannot avoid, then perhaps
more people will form benefit organizations to meet their basic needs and
protect themselves and vulnerable groups. It would<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be easier to find ways to practice equality
when not impacted by major threats like natural disasters, wars, and pandemics,
but times of stress and high risk for many is precisely when mutual aid
organizing takes off.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-77853336671746083692020-01-27T19:47:00.000-08:002020-01-30T10:06:00.542-08:00Defending Democracy: Dying Democracies East and West<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The transition
from a government of rotating elected officials subject to the will of voters
to autocratic government is a slippery slope. Once government officials begin
to allow narrow interests prevail over policies that benefit the general
public, the slide downwards into <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/opinion/trump-impeachment.html">oligarchy, demagoguery, and the death of democracy</a> can be
rapid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>President
Putin’s decision to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/world/europe/russia-putin-government.html">disband
the Russian government</a> and begin a transition to new political system
earlier this month appears to be one such step in the direction of the end of
democratic governance. While holding regular elections in the post-Soviet era,
Russia may seem to be an electoral democracy. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Yet the presence of elections, even
elections certified as valid by international bodies, is never enough to
guarantee democracy. Indeed, <a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2012/01/tahrir-square-one-year-anniversary-jan.html">the
presence of elections often hide</a> different problems with democracy. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When electoral
democracies allow oligarchs to monopolize political systems, they run the risk
that the oligarchs will decide they don’t want to give up power. In Russia’s
case this year, Putin seems to be pursuing a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/20/world/europe/Russia-prosecutor-Chaika-Putin.html">permanent
political post for himself</a>. Permanent office for political leaders mean the
death of democracy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those
who believe in Western European governance models and capitalist economies may
assume that this problem is limited to the recent history of Eastern European experience
with centralized socialism under the sway of the Soviet Union. For them, the
trouble begins and ends with one country, Russia, or even more narrowly with a
single individual, Vladimir Putin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
But many political theorists find
that <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41358-018-0142-3">all
centralized governments east and west are hampered</a> by a larger, more
generalized problem. This problem is sometimes known as the state of exception,
to use the language of Carl Schmitt. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0262691264/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_bibl_vppi_i3">Schmitt
argued</a> that any government system where leaders can declare exceptions to
the rule of law risked ceding its sovereignty to individuals. In Schmitt’s view
this weakness made the modern liberal state vulnerable to capture by
individuals who pursued their own individual interests. Schmitt’s turn towards
nationalist socialism in Germany in response to this flaw in democracies led
him to support Nazi German policies. Others have responded to Schmitt's analysis of weaknesses in centralized democracies by <a href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/drt.2019.0199">turning away from political practices with centralized </a>authority structures.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
As Giorgio Agamben argued, this <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3534874.html">weakness
of democracy is pervasive</a>, and not limited to conservative states or
European states or autocracies. The state of exception weakness suggests that <a href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/vo122_vermeule.pdf">all
liberal democracies are vulnerable</a>. These weaknesses are important in the
United States as well, since many senior officials in U.S. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ECGIYNWdaX0C&dq=">administrative
positions studied Schmitt carefully</a>. They have also impacted the United
States through the view of one of Schmitt’s followers, Friedrich Hayek, an
important architect of present-day highly centralized economic policies known
as neoliberalism. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Some have found this weakness at
work in the rapid assertion of executive authority under the <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/donald-trumps-state-exception">Bush Administration</a>
in the United States <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3534874.html">after
9/11</a>, and in the <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/donald-trumps-state-exception">Trump
administration</a> more recently. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
some have argued that the <a href="https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324001874">U.S.
government is now an oligarchy</a> and longer a democracy, it does seem clear
at this point that Trump clearly does <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/donald-trumps-state-exception">not believe he
is limited by the rule of law</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
One important weapon wielded to ensure
subjection of the head of state to the rule of law in a constitutional
democracy is the impeachment process. By placing this weapon in the hands of
the legislative branch, those democracies which practice impeachment give the
people's elected representatives a counter weight to the individual sovereign, the executive branch. In
general concept, impeachment means the people can rule, rather than the monarch or
dictator. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Keeping the balance of power tilted
in the direction of the people takes hard work in all democracies. As Hakim
Jeffries, Representative from Brooklyn, pointed out when he made the <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/798809245/opening-statements-recap-senate-impeach-trial-of-president-trump">analogy
with Putin in Russia explicit</a> in his opening remarks to the U.S.
impeachment process, this problem is found not only in the United States but
also in Russia and Turkey and other nation-states that claim to be democracies.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Yet impeachment is not without its
perils. Sovereigns can use <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/20/us/politics/trump-impeachment-legal-defense.html">legal arguments to provide a cover </a>for those elected officials who support oligarchy and autocracy. As one Representative, Tom Railsback of Illinois, argued during
preparations for the 1974 impeachment of President Nixon argued, “If the
Congress doesn’t get the material we think we need and then <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/tom-railsback-dead.html">votes
to exonerate</a>, we’ll be regarded as a paper tiger.” The risk of the current circumstances
in the United States is that President Trump’s allies in the U.S. Senate will
acquit him of wrongdoing, strengthening his chances of remaining in office for
four more years. Demanding that a sovereign submit to the rule of law and then failing to enforce the demand would be devastating to any democracy. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
History reminds us that four more
years on a slippery slope may be a long ride downhill, from the foothills of
democracy into the valley of autocracy. President Trump’s ally in Russia,
President Putin, may be in the middle of demonstrating how to take a large
nation-state on a long ride into the darkness of leaders without elections, government
without rule of law, and a social order that does not respond to the will of
the people. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
If impeachment does not remove
President Trump, there are many other weapons useful in reclaiming democracy from
oligarchs, autocrats, sovereigns, and dictators. <a href="https://harpers.org/blog/2019/07/a-play-with-no-end-the-gilets-jaunes/">How-to handbooks</a> at carrying
out mass movements successful at removing <a href="https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324001874">oligarchs</a> and autocrats from power in
the past year have been presented this year in <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/lebanon-protests-explained/">Lebanon</a>
and <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/03/after-eight-months-on-the-streets-protesters-in-algeria-arent-giving-up/">Algeria</a>,
to name just two struggles. Other how-to guides might be seen in street battles
that have fought major national governments to a draw in <a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2019/08/other-democracies-long-lasting.html">China
and France</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Democracy is never handed to the
people. They must fight to claim their governments as their own, to claim rule
by the demos, rule by all, not rule by the few, rule by experts. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
However the ongoing battle turns
out over democracy and the rule of law in the United States, centralized democracies
will retain their weakness for exceptions to the rule of law. So those who
might want to defend democracy will continue to have reason to fight for rule
by all, meetings to go to, and <a href="https://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2017/05/defend-democracy-tactics-to-trump.html">work
to do</a>. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-58472103974982625222019-11-26T20:47:00.000-08:002019-11-26T20:47:20.955-08:00Other Democracies: Listening as a Democratic Practice<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Voice metaphors dominate discussions of democracy,
but have not proven very effective in political practice. One of the weaknesses
of representative democracies is that elected leaders often do not heed what the
people they represent tell them they want. Once the leverage of “the people”
over their representatives is reduced to elections, time and again we have seen
that “the people” do not get what they want. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Those who assume that identity
politics in electoral politics produces direct access to constituent desires may
be disappointed. Many women have found that <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/13/violence-against-women-act-budget-talks-1168924">not
all women elected leaders will advocate</a> for strong protections against
domestic violence. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/politics/2020-election-black-voters.html">Black
voters do not find</a> that black representatives necessarily serve their
interests. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When citizens become
passive and rely on representatives to do the work of democracy, then democracy
tends to become vulnerable to what <a href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190469733.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190469733-e-29">political
scientists and economists call “capture”</a> by wealthy or powerful interest
groups. This makes it impossible for governments to <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900692.2014.903266?journalCode=lpad20">serve
the public interest</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
way to strengthen democratic accountability is to transform passive citizens
into active agents. Rather than relying on elected leaders to tell others what
you want, you speak directly for your own views and participate directly in
decision-making, sometimes called <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/05/08/direct-democracy-is-thriving/">direct
democracy</a> or participatory democracy or <a href="https://www.metamute.org/sites/www.metamute.org/files/pml/Organisation-of-the-Organisationless.pdf">horizontalism</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These democratic practices
tend to reduce centralization of power in organizations, making exploitation
and abuse of power more difficult. History shows that <a href="https://vimeo.com/17248127">decentralized democracy is a more egalitarian</a>
way to institutionalize democracy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
the assembly is one of the constituent features of a working democracy, then
speaking at the assembly is a fundamental democratic act. In established
political theory, speaking in a formal forum like a legislative chamber appears
to guarantee effective democratic process. Concerns about back room deals
outside of public forums are one reason for <a href="https://carolinapublicpress.org/22106/govt-behind-closed-doors-investigation-shows-hundreds-of-secretive-wnc-county-meetings-with-few-details-released/">laws
prohibiting closed meetings by public officials</a>, so called sunshine laws,
but these laws only rarely are enforced by legal action. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yet speaking does not
always mean influencing decisions, and can even prove to be hazardous. Whether <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/technology/google-fires-workers.html">labor
activists attempting to protect</a> their interests, or elected officials speaking
up for policies unpopular with autocratic officials, those who speak may find
themselves <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fearless-speech">in trouble
or dead</a>. This risk is not new, but those who traffic in voice metaphors act
as if the weaknesses of democracy are unknown or these risks have been
forgotten.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Argentina in the post-2001 rejection of
electoral leaders found ways to practice democratic decision-making while
ensuring that representatives would listen to their constituents. After the December,
<a href="https://www.marinasitrin.com/books/">2001 collapse of trust in electoral
democracy</a>, many neighborhoods and workplaces and schools began to govern
their own affairs. Because they had found representative governments did not
listen to what the voters wanted, they were suspicious of representative
systems. Yet they needed to network and organize at scales larger than any
single mass meeting could handle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One practice that many
neighborhood associations adopted in the first decade of the twenty-first
century was to send two listeners with any representative. If the
representative attended a meeting and spoke about what the group they
represented wanted, then both listeners would come along and quietly observe
what the representative said. Then when the representative returned to meet
those whose views they had been chosen to represent, the <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/E/bo20842386.html">representative
kept quiet while the two listeners described</a> what had been said and done. This
system made the representative accountable to the group they claimed to
represent by forcing them to report back to their constituents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In late
1990s Ethiopia young women learned that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/17/obituaries/bogaletch-gebre-dies.html">their
voices can be heard in assemblies</a>, when they are able to talk to anyone in
their community, even elders. Yet speaking was effective because Ethiopian women
had already learned how to make changes in their communities that benefitted
them, like fixing bridges, digging wells, and planting trees to use for firewood.
Demonstrating how powerful they were at meeting their own goals meant that when
they spoke in community conversations, men and elders would respect what they
could do.</span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most importantly, the Ethiopian
young women operated collectively as part of an organization known as <a href="https://kmgethiopia.org/">Kembatti Mentti-Gezimma-Tope</a>, a phrase in one
of the oral languages of Ethiopia that reflects the power women generate when
working together. By working in groups they increased their collective power
and strengthened their positions as agents of change.</span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /> KMG Ethiopia also adopted a process of community conversations that
practiced consensus, so that group decisions were made with all participating
rather than majority-rules unequal power relations found in electoral
practices. In this practice decision-making is held hostage by marginal groups
through consensus, rather than experts and elites holding power hostage as in
many national elected governments. </span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Table
metaphors also don’t do much to pressure entrenched interests into taking
constituent goals seriously. By using consensus to pressure those at the table
to listen to all present, democracy can come to represent the general interest
rather than only the interests of the powerful and the wealthy.</span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> The linking of speaking in assemblies to multiple leverage points for the
Ethiopian young women or other often marginalized groups is one way to
demonstrate their agency and willingness to act in their own interests. This
serves not only this particular interest group in the Ethiopian setting, a
specific interest group, but also pressures community elders and other powerful
groups into serving the general interest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Listening
will only be effective when elected leaders and people in other positions of
authority are made accountable to their constituents. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/26/opinion/sheriff-north-carolina-hitman.html">Police
officers and others who should serve the public</a> will do so only when
accountability structures are both in place and operating effectively. When
there is no accountability oversight mechanism in place and being used
regularly, then democracy becomes nothing more than an excuse for abuse of
power. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
lands where Indigenous communities are ignored or violated by governments,
listening to Indigenous group members can shift power relations. If Indigenous
historical narratives and other knowledge systems are to have traction in governments
that claim to be democratcies, then listening to their perspectives will be
important. This is particularly important in <a href="https://www.politicsoflistening2018.com/">settler colonies</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(like the U.S. and Australia) or postcolonial
nation-states in Africa or Latin America </span>where Indigenous groups large and small govern
together. </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Governance
mechanisms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that do not have effective
guarantees that leaders will listen to “the people” are vulnerable to
domination by powerful groups. Yet there are communities where <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137531667">listening has been
effectively linked</a> to force relations as part of democratic systems. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Assemblies
where all participate and speak equally, sharing time with all and not
privileging the wealthy and powerful, are one way to end the reign of democracy
as a politics of abuse. The use of consensus in community meetings, as KMG
Ethiopia practices, produces leverage for marginalized group members, since
they can use community need for consensus to pressure narrow interest groups
into serving the general interest. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Democracy then can come
to mean more than voice and table metaphors. Democracy can come to mean government
by all for the general interest. A difficult task, certainly, but for many a
task worth the delays and trouble of informing all equally and listening to
all.</span></div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-21173815561988898432019-10-30T19:03:00.000-07:002019-10-30T19:03:33.216-07:00Embodying Equality: Realizing the Democratic Imaginary<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
When does democracy fulfill its
promise of equality? For some communities, democracy means putting up with
unequal economic policies, with elections that don’t represent all, with barriers
for some to social power, with police brutality targeting certain social
groups, and more. So how can democracy come to something other than reinforcing
entrenched inequalities?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://jmp.princeton.edu/events/book-panel-2016-princeton-pre-read-danielle-allen%E2%80%99s-our-declaration-reading-declaration">Danielle
Allen argues</a> in her reading of the U.S. Declaration of Independence that <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUTyxNb3bEM">equality has been overrun</a>
with other goals. Elected officials and <a href="https://fortune.com/2016/06/01/jeff-bezos-free-speech/">powerful
corporate officials</a> frequently argue that freedom must trump ethics and
other values, often in ways that serve their own narrow interests rather than
the interests of the entire political body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1315070.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">U.S.
Constitution was one reason</a> why equality has never been realized in the
United States, and may never be realized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Even when a democratic nation goes to war with itself in an attempt to
produce equality, as in the U.S. Civil War or the Mexican Revolution, equality
is often the first casualty when the conflict ends. The outcome of the promise
of equality in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War is well-known, and some have
argued that <a href="http://newjimcrow.com/about">the Jim Crow South has spread
to infect</a> the entire nation in the present day. The <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4491777?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">wealth
gap that has characterized Mexican society</a> since the Revolution is one type
of physical evidence that electoral promises of land reform and the uplifting of
the poor were not fulfilled. As Fanon warned, even <a href="https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-wretched-of-the-earth/">wars of national
liberation have not succeeded</a> at producing equality of social elites and
the general populace.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Why do many U.S. citizens continue
to see their home as a place of equality? The African American artist <a href="http://fabricworkshopandmuseum.org/Artists/ArtistDetail.aspx?ArtistId=d92c087d-0cc4-4a11-a084-be342b52f832">Sonya
Clark</a> deployed her own <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/arts/design/confederate-flag-fabric-workshop-museum-sonya-clark.html">woman’s
body to interrupt business as usual</a> this summer, mopping the <a href="http://fabricworkshopandmuseum.org/Exhibitions/ExhibitionDetail.aspx?ExhibitionId=663f4c90-e44c-4f45-bb8f-5a19c9c82201">floor
of a Philadelphia museum</a> by hand where the U.S. Declaration of Independence
is inscribed. Embodying the long history of domestic work as the most that
African American women could hope for in the United States, Clark’s performance
piece reminds us that employment in the United States not only never was equal
but may never be equal across racial differences. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Since <a href="https://www.pay-equity.org/info-time.html">wages for the same work still
differ</a> based on gender and race, since <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women">domestic
violence against women continues</a> without abating, since <a href="https://www.equalitynow.org/end_sexual_violence_campaign">sexual violence
against women</a> continues to pervade nearly all societies, since <a href="http://aapf.org/sayhernamereport">police violence against women of color</a>
continues without reserve, embodying equality is no easy task. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Many experts would agree with Sonya
Clark when it comes to economic inequality. A <a href="https://wwnorton.com/books/the-triumph-of-injustice">major recent study</a>
of the history of tax payments has documented how tax policies over the past
half century in the United States have unequally benefitted the wealthy. For
the authors, both academic economists, that means that even a nation that
claims to be at the forefront of world democracies can be practicing policies
that produce injustice. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The economist Thomas Piketty
demonstrated that capitalism produces inequality in his well-known critique, <a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979857"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>
in 2013. His <a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674980822">new book on
capitalism</a> includes many specific policy solutions to economic inequality
that would force the superwealthy to share the wealth society produces. Capitalism
and the spread of neoliberal poison have spelled the near-death of <a href="http://zenstud.hr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Women-Narrating-Their-Lives-and-Actions.pdf">the
ethics of sharing</a>, if we focus not on individual virtuosity but on social attitudes
and policies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
What would it take to embody
equality? How can we do that as individuals? How can entire societies and
nations put such abstract ideas into practice? Giving attention to the concrete
evidence of women’s bodies is one way to <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/465049?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">interrupt
pie-in-the sky abstractions</a> like “equality,” according to Gayatri Spivak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
So when Sonya Clark works with the gendered
and racialized working body to interrupt business as usual, it becomes possible
to interrogate democracy as we know it. Clark’s clearing away of the dust of
unequal history also allows her audience to imagine the new forms that
democracy must take if equality will ever become anything more than the seductive
work of flim flam artists, of elected leaders, and of others unable to pursue the
general interest. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-48842744463230227992019-08-30T17:12:00.000-07:002019-08-30T17:13:34.978-07:00Other Democracies: Hong Kong Lessons in Democracy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While there
has been much debate about the Yellow Vest movement’s <a href="https://beta.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/12/did-the-yellow-vests-protests-spread-only-because-of-social-media-no-leaderless-mass-movements-changed-nations-long-before-this/?noredirect=on">decentralized</a>
strategy of operating without a clearly defined leadership across France, similar
developments are now emerging in Hong Kong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While France may proudly claim its historical importance for global democracy,
that is not the case in the People’s Republic of China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So what do the recent struggle in Hong Kong
between many citizens and the PRC government have to say about democracy?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Umbrella Movement, as it was called
in Hong Kong during its earlier phase, has grown in intensity and publicity
over the past two years. Like the Yellow Vest Movement, it operates consciously
on the principle of <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-16/de-escalation-becomes-difficult-among-hong-kong-protesters-who-refuse-to-be-divided">refusing
to establish a clearly defined leadership</a>. While this strategy has its
costs, many of which have been emphasized by mainstream commentators and news
reports. But it also has clear advantages tactically, since it has proven
durable and effective at avoiding the attempts of the mainland Chinese government
to shut it down. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
implication of this year’s Hong Kong protest movement for democracy is that it
demonstrates participatory decision-making by large groups acting under
pressure. Unlike electoral democracies that claim to be efficient and nimble at
responding to threats, many see direct participation as unable to respond
quickly in times of crisis. Yet in our weekly news reports of the Hong Kong
Umbrella Movement we are watching mass participation in decision-making, as <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-16/de-escalation-becomes-difficult-among-hong-kong-protesters-who-refuse-to-be-divided">recent
participants have remarked</a>. Even Hong Kong elected leaders have <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-16/de-escalation-becomes-difficult-among-hong-kong-protesters-who-refuse-to-be-divided">found
themselves displaced from leadership roles</a> on the front lines in protests,
and some <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-16/de-escalation-becomes-difficult-among-hong-kong-protesters-who-refuse-to-be-divided">elected
leaders have left office in order to participate</a> as part of large-group
actions without the taint of elected office. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Another way that leaderless movements
have something to say about democracy is their effectiveness at large scale.
While this may not be obvious in the recent Hong Kong protests, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is clearly the case in the Yellow Vest
movement in France. That movement has demonstrated repeatedly that is can
organize large actions in multiple sites across the entire nation. Once again
the <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3682810.html">common
criticism of direct participation movements</a> as unable to work at large
scale does not hold water. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In France, a notable character of
the Yellow Vest movement in France has been the participation of <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/france-yellow-vest-movement-macron/">many
who were alienated</a> from electoral politics. As inequality has continued to
grow in France under President Macron’s policies, the Yellow Vest movement has
become an important force in standing up to austerity policies. This long-lasting
movement has caught many mainstream commentators by surprise, and the development
has shown it can bring economic wealth gap to the attention of elected leaders.
This carries important implications for electoral democracies that give into
the demands of wealthy elites to maintain (or even worsen) high levels of wealth
inequality. Rather than taking democracy as a reason to pursue the narrow
interests of the wealthy, the Yellow Vest movement demands that elected leaders
respond to those who do not benefit from austerity policies and the resulting
wealth inequalities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Holding elected leaders accountable
to all is one of the most significant challenges to democracy. While the
election may seem to hold electoral candidates accountable to the views of
voting citizens, after election their accountability is notably weakened. This
is why electoral campaign promises are so rarely fulfilled as advertised. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Hong Kong protests, the Hong Kong community
members are demanding that the mainland government honor their promises to
treat Hong Kong differently than the rest of mainland China. Only time will
tell if they will be successful in holding the PRC accountable to its promises.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
When electoral systems reduce
participants in democratic decision making to small elites, electoral systems risk
the loss of their claim to be democratic. This weakness of accountability to voters
after elections is not a small problem. Since democracy promises a voice to all
in decision making processes, the loss of that decision making power is a
critical event. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Gayatri Spivak has
argued in her essay, <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Other+Asias-p-9781405102063">“Foucault and
Najibullah,”</a> the removal from citizens of decision-making power means the
end of the democratic freedoms and autonomy that democracy advertises as its
main advantages. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Spivak argues,
democracy claims to be a method of autonomous self-management, where management
is defined not in terms of capitalist efficiency but in terms of autonomous
decision-making for the good of all. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Participating
in decision-making is an important type of what Spivak calls the intuition of
democracy: the <a href="https://www.nai010.com/en/publicaties/informal-market-worlds-reader/139801">habit
of justice for everyone</a>, rather than just self-interest.” (101) When citizens
lose their ability to participate in decisions, democracy dies. Or it revives
in Hong Kong and France, unwilling to allow elected leaders to claim they know
what the people want. And when it comes back to life in the form of leaderless
movements, then democracy has said no to elite leadership. This has its costs,
but also keeps democracy kicking.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-83132538293033393752019-06-29T15:17:00.000-07:002019-06-29T15:17:12.263-07:00Defend Democracy: National States of Emergency, Part 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
States of Emergency have been used widely to undermine and
overthrow democratic electoral governments, and also to attack political
opponents of unpopular autocrats. But they also may indicate that popular
movements and established government bodies outside of the executive office are
making headway in opposing autocratic or oligarchic, anti-democratic
leadership. The effects of a declaration of a state of emergency depend on
those political agents that are involved in the struggle for democracy, and how
they respond to such declarations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Declarations of a national
emergency have a long history, and have been used widely around the world for
political gain by narrow interests. The Italian political theorist Giorgio
Agamben has discussed such <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/009254.html">efforts of the
head of state to rule outside the law</a>, what he calls the state of
exception. A brief overview of the use of declarations of a national state of
emergency in the twenty-first century will help us get some sense of how
political bodies committed to democracy can respond to this threat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the past decade or two, national states of emergency have
been declared by autocrats and oligarchs, generals and military councils in
order to remove elected governments, as seen in <a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/01/18/the-coup-that-dare-not-speak-its-name">Bangladesh
in 2007</a>, <a href="https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/598-state-of-emergency-declared.html">Myanmar
in 2012</a>, and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25825872">Thailand
in 2014</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these cases, the
declaration is deployed as part of the arsenal of weapons to destroy electoral
systems and replace them with autocracy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before the recent <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/national-emergency-trump.html">declaration
by President Trump</a> of a national state of emergency in the United States, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/donald-trumps-state-exception">legal
commentators</a> were already concerned that the American President was not
willing to submit to the established rule of law. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the declaration of a state of emergency,
Trump has greatly expanded the considerable range of powers that he is granted
by the laws that make such a declaration legal, as discussed in <a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2019/04/defend-democracy-national-states-of.html">last
month’s post</a>. As Trump’s poll numbers remain low and the 2020 election
approaches, we will see whether Trump uses those special powers to promote his
own election or even attempts to remain in office by other means.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With Trump’s declaration, the U.S. joins the small number of
G20 countries that have used such declarations for political purposes:
Argentina and Turkey. Among OECD countries, only Turkey has a history of using
such declarations to pursue unpopular policies and consolidate political power. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
States of emergency also have a history of being used by
autocratic, unelected governments to oppose popular movements pressuring them
to change policies or attempting to remove them from political power, as in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/19/international/amid-riots-argentine-president-declares-state-of-siege.html">Argentina
in 2001</a>, <a href="https://en.mercopress.com/2002/07/15/paraguay-declared-a-state-of-emergency">Paraguay
in 2002</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/01/nepal">Nepal
in 2005</a>, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/22/international/americas/ecuadors-president-declares-a-state-of-emergency.html">Ecuador
in 2006</a>. In several of these cases, popular opposition proved to be strong
enough to withstand the impact of the national state of emergency, and leaders
were forced from power within a year or two after the declaration.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In recent years the national emergency has been a weapon
used by elected leaders to attack opposition political movements, court
decisions opposing elected leaders, and even opposition parties, as in <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15994958">Pakistan
in 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2010/04/100407_kyrgyzstan_wup_sl.shtml">Kyrgystan
in 2010</a>, and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36852080%3e">Turkey
in 2016</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some cases (as in
Turkey), the declaration has successfully marginalized opposing organizations.
However, in others (as in Kyrgystan) the state of emergency was not effective
in weakening opposition to autocracy, and the leader fell from power.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the United States there was some objection to Trump’s
declaration of a state of emergency by a few commentators, but almost zero
public opposition by social movements or political parties. Perhaps the
citizens of the United States are so accustomed to electoral democracy, with
its many compromises of popular will, that they did not feel moved to object to
the establishment of another beachhead of autocratic governance. Since there is
little public education in the United States about the high stakes of such a
clear threat to electoral practices, perhaps it is understandable that there
was so little popular opposition.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These historical uses of the declaration of states of
emergency show why many supporters of democracy find these declarations
problematic. But they also show that even when a political leader wields the
cudgel of an emergency declaration, they still may be forced from office if popular
opposition remains vocal and strong through the process. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-66558367779350461682019-04-30T21:35:00.000-07:002019-06-29T15:14:32.563-07:00Defend Democracy: National States of Emergency, Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The recent </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/national-emergency-trump.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">declaration of a national
state of emergency</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> by U.S.
President Trump exploits a weak point of democratic governance in electoral
nation-states. That weakness has often been leveraged by national leaders to
transform democracies into autocratic forms of governance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some critics, notably Carl Schmidt
and Giorgio Agamben, have argued that the popular will in electoral democracies
is always at risk of being overturned by executive decision. This argument,
which some call the state of exception, is that what appear to be governments
responsive to the will of the citizenry are subject to autocratic mandated
decisions on exceptional occasions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State of emergencies are just such occasions
where the will of the executive is permitted to override the public will. Many
nation-states have formal regulations governing declarations of a state of
emergency, such as the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title50/chapter34&edition=prelim"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U.S. National Emergencies Act</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. But any use of this mechanism puts democracy at risk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A declaration of a state of
emergency is one of the most common tools that elected leaders us to violate
the popular will and install a state of exception. Through such declarations,
executives give themselves substantially expanded powers that often are not
balanced by other governmental bodies. In the case of the President Trump’s
declaration, for example, one analysis suggests that in the simple verbal
declaration the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">President gains 123 powers</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> beyond those given him or her by the constitution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But the misuse of emergency powers
is a standard gambit among leaders attempting to consolidate power. Authoritarian
leaders that Trump<a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers"> has openly admired</a>
— including the Philippines’ Rodrigo Duterte and Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
— have gone this route. This misuse will be discussed further in next month's "Defending Democracy" post. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The executive branch has a variety
of <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers">powers
that do not require a declaration of emergency,</a> such as "laws that
allow the president to deploy troops inside the country to subdue domestic
unrest." Some legal scholars believe that the Constitution gives the president
inherent emergency powers by making him commander in chief of the armed forces,
or by vesting in him a broad, undefined “executive power.” At key points in
American history, presidents have cited inherent constitutional powers when
taking drastic actions that were not authorized — or, in some cases, were
explicitly prohibited — by Congress. Notorious examples include Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s internment of U.S. citizens and residents of Japanese descent
during World War II and George W. Bush’s programs of warrantless wiretapping
and torture after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Supreme Court has often upheld
such actions or found ways to avoid reviewing them, at least while the crisis
was in progress. Rulings such as <i>Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v.
Sawyer</i>, in which the Court invalidated President Harry Truman’s bid to take
over steel mills during the Korean War, have been the exception. And while
those exceptions have outlined important limiting principles, the outer
boundary of the president’s constitutional authority during emergencies remains
poorly defined.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The National Emergencies Act in 1976
gives the president the complete discretion to issue an emergency declaration —
however, the Brennan Center notes that <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers">this law has
been a complete failure</a>, since Congress has pursued none of the limits to
the law, such as regular review of their provisions and expiration of emergency
declarations after 6 months. As a result, the president has access to emergency
powers contained in </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">123 statutory provisions, as
recently calculated</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> by
the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. These laws address a broad
range of matters, and for the most part, the president is free to use any of
them; the National Emergencies Act doesn’t require that the powers invoked
relate to the nature of the emergency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">President George W. Bush took
matters a giant step further after 9/11, when he issued Executive Order
13224, <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers">International
Emergency Economic Powers Act, or IEEPA</a>. Executive Order 13224
prohibited transactions not just with any suspected foreign terrorists, but
with any foreigner <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">or any U.S.
citizen<i> </i></span>suspected of providing them with support. Once a
person is “designated” under the order, no American can legally give him a job,
rent him an apartment, provide him with medical services, or even sell him a
loaf of bread unless the government grants a license to allow the transaction.
The Patriot Act gave the order more muscle, allowing the government
to trigger these consequences merely by opening an investigation into whether a
person or group should be designated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Designations under Executive Order
13224 are opaque and extremely difficult to challenge. The government needs
only a “reasonable basis” for believing that someone is involved with or
supports terrorism in order to designate him. The target is generally given no
advance notice and no hearing. He may request reconsideration and submit evidence
on his behalf, but the government faces no deadline to respond. Moreover, the
evidence against the target is typically classified, which means he is not
allowed to see it. He can try to challenge the action in court, but his chances
of success are minimal, as most judges defer to the government’s assessment of
its own evidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Under this Executive Order, the
president could determine that any American inside the U.S. who offers material
support to the asylum seekers — or, for that matter, to undocumented immigrants
inside the United States — poses “an unusual and extraordinary threat” to
national security, and authorize the Treasury Department to take action against
them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Such a move would carry echoes of a <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers">law passed
recently in Hungary</a> that criminalized the provision of financial or legal
services to undocumented migrants; this has been dubbed the “Stop Soros” law,
after the Hungarian American philanthropist George Soros, who funds
migrants’-rights organizations. Although an order issued under IEEPA would
not land targets in jail, it could be implemented without legislation and
without affording targets a trial. In practice, identifying every American who
has hired, housed, or provided paid legal representation to an asylum seeker or
undocumented immigrant would be impossible — but all Trump would need to do to
achieve the desired political effect would be to make high-profile examples of
a few. Individuals targeted by the order could lose their jobs, and find their
bank accounts frozen and their health insurance canceled. The battle in the
courts would then pick up exactly where it left off during the Obama
administration — but with a newly reconstituted Supreme Court making the final
call.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">States of emergency grant the
executive branch considerable military powers, and the Insurrection Act of 1807
provides the necessary authority. As amended over the years, it allows the
president to deploy troops upon the request of a state’s governor or
legislature to help put down an insurrection within that state. It also allows
the president to deploy troops unilaterally, either because he determines that
rebellious activity has made it “impracticable” to enforce federal law through
regular means, or because he deems it necessary to suppress “insurrection,
domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy” (terms not defined in
the statute) that hinders the rights of a class of people or “impedes the
course of justice.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As the Brennan Center has noted, the
<a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers">potential
misuses of the Insurrection Act are legion</a>. When Chicago experienced a
spike in homicides in 2017, Trump tweeted that the city must “fix the horrible
‘carnage’ ” or he would “send in the Feds!” To carry out this threat, the
president could declare a particular street gang — say, MS‑13 — to be an
“unlawful combination” and then send troops to the nation’s cities to police
the streets. He could characterize sanctuary cities — cities that refuse to
provide assistance to immigration-enforcement officials — as “conspiracies”
against federal authorities, and order the military to enforce immigration laws
in those places. Conjuring the specter of “liberal mobs,” he could send troops
to suppress alleged rioting at the fringes of anti-Trump protests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Brennan Center has also outlined
a chilling scenario of<a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers"> how Trump can
use emergency powers to win an election</a>, even if he follows the law. Of
course, Trump might also choose to act entirely outside the law. Presidents
with a far stronger commitment to the rule of law, including Lincoln and
Roosevelt, have done exactly that, albeit in response to real emergencies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In <i>Youngstown</i>, the case in which the
Supreme Court blocked President Truman's attempt to seize the nation's steel
mills, Justice Jackson observed that broad emergency powers were “something the
forefathers omitted” from the Constitution. “They knew what emergencies were,
knew the pressures they engender for authoritative action, knew, too, how they
afford a ready pretext for usurpation,” Justice Jackson wrote. <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/what-president-could-do-if-he-declares-state-emergency"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">“We may also suspect that they suspected that</span> emergency powers
would tend to kindle emergencies.”</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When it comes to President Trump, who clearly loves
to play with fire, allowing him to make the declaration may have been more than
giving him fuel for setting fires. It may have been a step that damages
democracy in the U.S. irreparably. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">President Trump’s triumph was distracting the nation
sufficiently that he could declare the state of emergency without the citizenry
taking to the streets. But now that he has the emergency powers at his
disposal, it will be very difficult to object to many possible behaviors. Who
knows if electoral democracy in the U.S. will survive this emergency. Time will
tell.</span></div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-63234084659101051842019-02-28T09:47:00.000-08:002019-06-29T14:48:22.465-07:00Other Democracies: The Yellow Vest Movement in France.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The protests against austerity policies in France that
blossomed into the Yellow Vest movement in November, 2018 present challenges to
those who still carry faith in electoral democracy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While initially centering on fuel taxes, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/03/who-are-the-gilets-jaunes-and-what-do-they-want">participants
also are demanding</a> raises to the minimum wage and the rollback of recent
tax cuts for the wealthy and other pro-business policies. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Like <a href="https://blogs.oxfam.org/en/content/are-fuel-riots-food-riots-21st-century">other
protests by the poor</a> against pro-business policies that have bloomed across
the world for decades, these protests against fuel price rises push back
against neoliberal economic policies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the Macron government argues the fuel
price tax increase was to move the French economy towards a greener economy, French
truck drivers, secretaries, care workers, and others with no room in their
budgets are forced to pay costs they cannot bear. This is the cost of living in
an electoral state where the <a href="http://www.oddweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Ranci%C4%8Dre-Hatred-of-Democracy.pdf">leadership
is not interested in popular opinion</a>, but in its own narrow interests.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The history of policies generous to the rich and attacking the
poor in France and <a href="http://pages.scrippscollege.edu/~nneiman/research.htm">many other
economies worldwide</a> often produces protest from the poor. But when do
electoral democracies listen to the poor?</div>
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<br /></div>
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The difference of the Yellow Vest movement in France from
many other protest movements is its lack of a center. This is a structure for democratic
demand that <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">does
not replicate the centralized hierarchies</a> of electoral governments, an organizing
tactic that produces other politics. The <a href="http://www2.csudh.edu/ccauthen/576f13/drrdassp.pdf">turn away from
centralization</a> and towards openness to many constituents and viewpoints characterizes
many political practices, what we term “<a href="http://democracies2come.blogspot.com/2017/08/">Other Democracies</a>.” </div>
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Commentators who are only familiar with centalized
organizations assume that the Yellow Vest movement will be <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/06/is-italy-s-di-maio-the-latest-politician-to-jump-on-the-yellow-vest-bandwagon">overtaken
by already established political parties</a>. This shows that commentators are
not familiar with non-party movements, and can only conceive of politics in the
narrow terms offered by electoral party policits. Yet the Yellow Vest movement
has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/05/world/europe/yellow-vests-france.html">refused
to align itself with established political parties</a>, since they recognize
the danger of participation in a centralized system tilted towards social
elites. </div>
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The success of French democracy hangs in the balance of this
struggle over public discussion. </div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Other
struggles in Europe against neoliberalism, such as the <a href="http://fortune.com/2016/06/03/greece-eurozone/">Greek anti-austerity
movement</a> of 2010-2015 and the 2011 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/podemos-revolution-radical-academics-changed-european-politics">indignado<span style="font-style: normal;"> movement in Spain</span></a></i>, have shown the
costs of allowing a popular movement to morph into political party activism. </span>Austerity policies have continued apace after both of these
movements were captured by political parties, and the pressures on low-wage
workers, the unemployed, the disabled, and even the middle-class have not been
reduced significantly. </div>
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<br /></div>
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One strategy of the privatization and wealth redistribution
upwards policies known as neoliberalism or austerity is to attack public
spaces. Presenting private spaces, such as shopping streets, mini-malls, and
megastores, as gathering places for the public makes it more difficult for the
public to do the important business of discussing urgent concerns. These
privatized spaces displace citizenry roles to make roles as consumers more
central in the life of the public. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The yellow vest movement members claims on traffic circles
as meeting places revived the important activity in any democracy of a
discussing those topics of concern for citizens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When austerity policies remove safety nets
ensuring all can meet basic needs and place intense pressures on the public,
citizens would respond in any full democracy with discussion of how to meet
basic needs and reduce the stresses of a lack of resources. So discussions in
open, public spaces become important on a time frame driven not by
parliamentary elections but by increasing pressure on the poor. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Macron’s attempts to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/world/europe/macron-yellow-vests-france.html">reclaim
public discussion</a> and manage it to serve his own interests is an attempt to
disrupt competing claims to represent the public’s interest by the Yellow Vest
movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The smear tactics of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html">sending
in thugs and vandals</a> to reduce public support for the Yellow Vest movement
is an old tactic found since the <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/55026/discipline-and-punish-by-michel-foucault-and-alan-sheridan/9780679752554/">nineteenth
century in France</a> (275-80), when the wealthy began using thugs to divide
the poor and prevent mass movements. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Outside Europe similar struggles have led to different
outcomes, as when multiple presidents were thrown out by <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Horizontalism-Voices-Popular-Power-Argentina/dp/1904859585">popular
meetings in public places in Argentina</a> of 2001 and when the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/south-koreans-celebrate-park-geun-hye-s-removal-ousted-president-n732236">South
Korean president was removed</a> from office in 2017. Certainly Macron is aware
of the high stakes, and will do whatever he can to remain in office.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Perhaps the greatest fear of those in command of electoral
political systems is that they will lose their monopoly on the claim to
represent the public. As <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/55026/discipline-and-punish-by-michel-foucault-and-alan-sheridan/9780679752554/">Michel
Foucault argued</a> (271-88), unexpected associations of groups in horizontal
solidarity is a major threat to the modern regime that enforces individuation
in an effort to interrupt horizontal solidarities. Such horizontal solidarities
were very successful in Europe between around 1780 and 1848, demanding
accountability of political leaders to widespread concerns and changes in
unequal distribution of wealth and political power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These horizontal solidarities also attempted
to disrupt actions of the wealthy that were harmful to common people, such as
labor exploitation and the theft of family wealth through financial markets. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Democracy can thrive only when the urgent concerns of large
social sectors are addressed by political leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet electoral democracies in Europe and
beyond have shown for decades that they are more responsive to the interests of
the few than to the interests of the many. That is why structures for
democratic practice other than the electoral state have long received wide
support, even if these movements are overlooked by news commentators and policy
experts. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-62541070168216004092018-12-26T16:28:00.001-08:002018-12-26T16:28:59.661-08:00Misnaming Democracy: The Colonial Heritage of National Democracies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
British empire is coming under criticism in news reports about recent court
decisions striking down legal bans against same-sex relations in<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/asia/india-gay-sex-377.html">
India</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/singapore-gay-sex-ban.html">Singapore</a>.
Section 377 in the Indian penal code criminalizing certain sexual acts was the
direct model for penal codes in other colonies, such as Section 377A in Singapore’s
criminal code. In borrowing from the Indian penal code and other legal
conventions, Singapore took India’s legal system as a model adaption of the
British legal and constitutional system.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Little
is being said about other aspects of the colonial heritage that remain embedded
in democratic governance and legal practices globally. The adoption of electoral
democracy and bicameral parliamentary systems after gaining independence from
direct European control was widespread, for example, even though the European claims
to democracy were also part of the colonial heritage. Even those countries who were
not directly colonized by European powers, like <a href="https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1008688209052">Japan</a>
and Thailand, drew on European models for their constitutions and legal
systems. These colonial practices at the founding of modern nation-states is
one form of the founding violence of many national democracies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Kenyan
social critic Ng<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ũ</span>g<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ĩ</span> Wa Thiong’o’s <a href="http://africaworldpressbooks.com/barrel-of-a-pen-resistance-to-repression-in-neo-colonial-kenya-by-ngugi-wa-thiongo/">essays
and novels</a> have explored multiple ways in which the Kenyan postcolonial
political and legal system reproduces the British colonial governance system
and legal order. Like Section 377 in the Indian penal code, Kenyan practices were
put into place after the British lost direct political control, and they have
proven very effective in producing small economic and political elites rather
than social equality for all. Ng<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ũgĩ
has detailed specific legal codes, government departments, and other aspects to
the Kenyan postcolonial state that were effective in putting him in prison and
then chasing him out of the country, just as these codes and departments have been
effective to silence other critics in other postcolonial nations. </span>This oligarchic
pattern may be found across the former colonies not only of Britain but of France
and other European colonial powers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
United States and other British settler colonies, the legal framework used by nations
claiming democracy as their own is not always so directly related to the colonial
legal heritage. Take the important 1823 U.S. Supreme Court decision, <i><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/21/543">Johnson v. McIntosh</a></i>
which provides the foundation for the U.S. legal system of private property.
This decision, taught in every introductory course on property law, draws not
on British but on Spanish and Portuguese legal doctrines known as the <a href="https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/">Doctrine of Discovery</a> that continue
to rely on<a href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/doctrine-discovery-1493"> papal
bulls issued from Rome</a>. This legal decision was central to the theft of the
heritage lands of Native Nations in the United States. It continues to provide
an important pillar for colonialism in the Americas long after the Spanish, the
Portuguese, and the British have lost direct political control of their colonies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>None of
these legal instruments and government practices produce the equality that
democracy promises. They were put in place centuries ago in order to produce
and preserve inequality between colonizers and their subjects. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
When they are left in place in
postcolonial, settler colonial, and other national legal and constitutional
after the colonizers have left, they do not serve democratic ends. Rather, they
contribute to the inequality that characterizes so many national political systems
that claim democracy as their own. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
A wide range of organizations have
opposed various specific items in these legal codes, as has been seen not only
in the recent Section 377 decisions but also in the opposition to the Doctrine
of Discovery by the <a href="https://www.presbyterianmission.org/ministries/racial-equity-womens-intercultural-ministries/gender-and-racial-justice-ministries/doctrine-of-discovery/">Presbyterian
Church</a>, the <a href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/topics/doctrine-discovery">Episcopal
Church</a>, and <a href="https://lcwr.org/social-justice/doctrine-discovery">other
religious organizations</a>. It will take longer for consolidated opposition to
emerge against other aspects of the colonial, neocolonial, and postcolonial
heritage of present-day democratic practices. Only then will democracy become a
decolonized form of government.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-71522837017996953022018-10-30T18:04:00.000-07:002018-10-30T18:04:35.914-07:00Constitutional Governance as Democratic Travesty<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
defining characteristic of democracy for many political scientists is a
constitution. Yet constitutions emerge from complex negotiations that give
unequal advantages to social elites. How can democracy produce equality when
those designing the governance structures have unequal advantages in wealth,
education, experience negotiating, networks of allies in powerful places, and in
other ways? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For these reasons most
constitutions are written to respond to certain interests: not the interest of
the people, but specific group interests that weaken democracy as equalized political
power. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The historical
processes out of which constitutional agreements emerge often weaken the rule
of ordinary people in order to give advantages to powerful groups. Obvious
examples of these advantages include the modern British House of Lords and
other parliamentary bodies beholden to wealthy social sectors, the success of
wealthy elites in gaining elected office after national liberation across much
of Africa and Asia, the influence of propertied white males in the early U.S.
constitutional system, and the importance of wealthy merchants in nineteenth
century French negotiations of constitutional reforms. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Even seemingly small factors may have
outsized impacts on democratic practice. One such apparently small change was the
adoption of James Madison’s proposal to enlarge U.S. House of Representative
districts when the constitution was drafted in the 1780s. The <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/119896.Waves_of_Democracy">enlarged
districts made it unaffordable</a> for all but a wealthy minority to afford the
cost of campaigns and time away from work to travel throughout the larger
districts, making it impossible for ordinary citizens to be elected to Congress.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Some of these same factors are at
work in constitutional electoral democracies in our own day. Since the <a href="https://harpers.org/archive/2018/11/rebirth-of-a-nation/">election of two
presidents that lost the vote</a> in the United States over the last twenty
years, there has been increased discussion of reforming the electoral college,
the mechanism that made their election possible. The increasing flood of
corporate monies into campaign coffers in the U.S. after the Citizens United
Supreme Court decision of 2010 continues the outsized influence of the wealthy
that has plagued constitutional democracies since their founding. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
One of the risks of democracies is
the willingness to accept anti-democratic practices, political parties, groups
and organizations, and individuals as part of democratic institutions. By
claiming to represent the will of the people across large bodies, such as big
states or nation-states, some are represented who do not share the goals of
serving all members of the body politic. Many examples of political parties and
individuals who have succeeded in electoral systems only to postpone, cancel,
or even ignore elections and electoral mechanisms can be found as evidence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The right has also begun
implementing a new tactic known as “<a href="https://www.telesurenglish.net/english/opinion/Parliamentary-Coups-the-New-Strategy-of-Latin-Americas-Right-20160512-0027.html">parliamentary
coups</a>” across Latin America. This practice is identified with impeachments
of Manuel Zelaya in Honduras in 2009, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay three years
later, and more recently Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, These removals of
democratically elected governments, generally of administrations that are
reformist, are often carried out with little evidence of wrongdoing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The Paraguay removal of President
Lugo was received negatively by other governments in the region, and Paraguay
was removed from the Mercosur pact as a result. In the Brazilian case, the
administration that replaced Rousseff was made up of congressional
representatives that included some with openly anti-democratic positions, including
one recently elected as Brazil’s new President, Jair Bolsonaro. Bolsonaro not
only announced publicly that he would be <a href="http://www.nature-business.com/nature-brazils-polarizing-new-president-jair-bolsonaro-in-his-own-words/">willing
to shut down Congress</a>, but also that he openly <a href="http://www.nature-business.com/nature-brazils-polarizing-new-president-jair-bolsonaro-in-his-own-words/">advocates
torture</a> even when it was well-known that President Rousseff had been
tortured as a young person. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The power of elected leaders to
appoint court justices in constitutional systems is sometimes seen as an anti-democratic
mechanism, since it shields the justices from recall by popular vote. <a href="https://harpers.org/archive/2018/11/rebirth-of-a-nation/">Court support
of voter-suppression laws</a> and gerrymandering strengthens partisan groups
that do not have the general interest in mind. Supreme court justices appointed
by minority presidents also present the impression of <a href="https://harpers.org/archive/2018/11/rebirth-of-a-nation/">minority rule</a>
rather than democratic rule by the will of the entire political body. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those
who believe that constitutional democracies are the pinnacle of democratic
governance may find these recent developments across the Americas to be unsettling
signs of a decline in the democratic spirit. Some may even find them to be <u><a href="https://harpers.org/archive/2018/11/rebirth-of-a-nation/">morbid signs of
the decline and even death of democracy</a></u> in some cases. Some may hope
for a resurgence in the democratic impulse of particular groups of citizens at
some undetermined future date. Some may despair that ordinary citizens will
ever claim full power to govern their own affairs in the unending wait for political
elites to give up their stranglehold on the constitutional mechanisms of electoral
power.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet
those who design constitutions do not always have democratic rule by the people
as their goal. The opening remarks at the beginning of the U.S. constitutional
convention in 1787 by then governor of Virginia, Edmund Randolph, make this
clear: “Our <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/220295/the-democracy-project-by-david-graeber/9780679646006">chief
danger arises from the democratic parts of our constitutions</a>. It is a maxim
which I hold incontrovertible, that the powers of government exercised by the
people swallows up the other branches.” This statement may help us understand
why the popular electoral character of the presidency and congress was balanced
by a branch of government that is not popularly elected, the judicial branch.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those
who have less faith in constitutions than most political scientists may then
wish to look elsewhere for stronger guarantees than those found in constitutions.
There are important defense systems in democratic government that come from
outside the constitutional systems. These defenses work against the narrow
interests that so often gain monopoly control on the mechanisms of constitutional
governance, what <a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=6908">Derrida
calls its autoimmune</a> character. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Some of these defenses require
constitutional systems but many of which do not. These defenses require an <a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=6908">ability of democracies to defer
themselves,</a> to make a path for democracy “as the turn of a detour, as a
path that is turned aside, as adjournment in the economy of the same.” They
also <a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=6908">require difference “as reference
or referral to the other</a>…as the undeniable…experience of the alterity of
the other of heterogeneity, of the singular, the not-same, the different, the dissymmetric,
the heteronomous.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
developments in democracies are not abstractions, but practices. They are not
theories or applications, but experiences of the other, of that which is not
democracy, not governance by all, but also not oligarchy or autocracy or plutocracy
or other established others of the democratic. What they mean for democracy is
found only in the future, in the time when deferral comes to fruition and experience
of alterity emerges. Whether electoral democracies have the flexibility and the
wherewithal to successfully experience the not-same remains a standing
question. Only time will tell whether those willing to experience the singular
out beyond the end of the economy of the same can overcome constitutional
guarantees of narrow interests and strengthen the rule of the people to carry
the day. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-22449610928568445842018-08-31T18:04:00.003-07:002018-08-31T18:39:30.530-07:00Misnaming Democracy: Collective Freedom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The assumption that democracy is
driven and even founded by social movements is widespread. Some initial enthusiasm
for the developments of the Arab Spring, for example, was grounded in the hope
that social movements can overthrow autocratic governments and even those that
masqueraded as electoral democracies in Tunisia and Egypt. Social movements are
often the engine for large structural changes in democratic societies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Yet many associate democracy not
with social movements but with political parties. How do social movements
diverge from political parties in democracies? When do social movements become
democratic? When are they anti-democratic and even attacked as illegal and
dangerous? When do social movements practice collective freedom?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Social movements are widely
recognized as important actors in democratic nation-states, but their enactment
of collective freedom is not. Individual freedom is paramount in much modern political
thinking. Yet collective freedom as exercised in social movements is more
important when looking at how structural change historically takes place.
Democratic freedom may be best located not in individual elected leaders and
their decisions, the topics of constant commentary by pundits and historians, but
in collective groups beyond political parties. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
An important area where social
movements impact democracy is when groups marginalized by electoral politics reshape
electoral systems. Large-scale changes in the franchise are important examples in
many democracies of these impacts, such as women winning the vote. Legislation
and other changes from race-based social movements in South Africa and the U.S.
are others, such as the end of apartheid, the U.S. Voting Rights Act of 1965, and
even the U.S. Civil War itself. Certainly some political parties responded to the
pressure of these social movements, but each movement that produced major
social change early on was not accepted widely by electoral leaders and other policy
experts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
All of these changes are the outcomes
of social movements and none were initiated by political parties, unless
outlawed political parties like the ANC in South Africa or the Muslim Brotherhood
in Egypt are somehow considered full participants. Indeed, these movements all found
themselves under surveillance and attack by government bodies, as is well-known.
These attacks at times involved the killing of participants and even war itself.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Moments when social movements are
attacked by governments are important events when tracking the effectiveness of
democratic practice. Whether looking at the ANC being outlawed or the jailing
of suffragettes, we can see that electoral parties and governments often attack
those movements advocating for structural changes and for solutions to major
social problems.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Guarantees of collective freedom
may be found in some democratic constitutions, such as the right to assembly,
but limits on those freedoms are commonplace. With tactics ranging from attacks
on Communist Party members in the Cold War to anti-socialist slurs today in the
U.S. and recent <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/world/asia/india-activists-arrests.html">arrests
in India of opposition party supporters</a>, and including the surveillance and
infiltration in many countries of anarchist or immigrant or Muslim community organizations,
governments and citizens worldwide are often quick to limit collective freedoms.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Some who have grown impatient with
electoral leaders and policy experts who often fail to produce equality have even
established collective mechanisms parallel to electoral systems. Some of these
parallel mechanisms decentralize decision-making beyond elected officials to
include those impacted by the decisions, such as participatory budgeting in
Porto Alegre, Brazil and many cities in other countries. The city of<a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/is-this-the-most-radical-mayor-in-america/">
Jackson, Mississippi has recently been experimenting with a People’s Assembly</a>
to provide the community a formal mechanism beyond letters to the editor to critique
and inform their elected officials. Much like the early town hall meetings in
New England, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">collective
decision-making in people’s assemblies</a> is just one among many powerful ways
to have a collective voice and govern affairs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Sometimes major legal changes are
needed for social movements to even be recognized as actors in political
systems. When local indigenous communities attempted to reclaim their
governance systems from corporate actors in Cochabamba, Peru in the years
2000-2001, they had to <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/rhythms-of-the-pachakuti">change the laws to
reclaim and exercise political sovereignty</a> in their historical territory. When
<a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo27316263.html">political
scientists call for changes in the U.S. constitution</a> to make it more
democratic, will political parties respond to their demands? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The failure of political parties to
hold governments accountable to all citizens and to significantly transform
democratic systems are major problems for democracy. One of the keystones of
democracy is its <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00375">ability to
make major changes and improvements in its own governance system</a> in
response to major shortcomings. These changes are what might be called
collective freedom: the freedom to transform structurally and respond to major
weaknesses, to increase accountability to the general good, and to problem- solve
in the general interest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Social movements and not political
parties have often been the major engines for significant transformations and
improved accountability in democracy governance systems. Yet not all social
movements are the same. Some social movements represent the interests of
powerful social sectors: anti-immigrant organizations advocate in the interests
of those with citizenship; Hindu nationalism in India and the Tea Party in the
U.S. advocate for religious values of the majority religion; Nazi and neo-Nazi
movements strengthen white, Christian, and often homophobic interest groups. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Strengthening democracy takes the
courage to stand up for collective freedoms that are not practiced already. This
often means advocating for social sectors and interests that are being ignored or
attacked by powerful social groups. That is why grassroots organizations and movements
often bring attention to areas where electoral parties are not representing general
interests. These areas betray weaknesses in the accountability not to narrow
interests but to all of democratic systems. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Grassroots organizations often are
not actively regulated by governments, and frequently have more freedom to
pursue <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-revolution-will-not-be-funded">interests
that national governments may not readily recognize as legitimate</a>. At the
level of transnational advocacy, narrow corporate and national interests often
dominate what look like global initiatives, so <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/death-of-a-discipline/9780231129442">grassroots
organizations must take the lead in developing social movements</a> that
address desires deriving from other social sectors. Grassroots organizations respond
much more readily to local concerns and to criticisms from marginalized groups,
unlike large organizations in what is sometimes called civil society, like
non-profit organizations (like Amnesty International or OXFAM) or U.N. bodies
(like United Nations Human Rights delegations) and movements coming from U.N. special
meetings (like those who carry out the Beijing Platform for Action). In this
sense we can say that grassroots social movements may achieve collective
freedom in a manner not possible for civil society organizations funded and <a href="http://sites.wofford.edu/demarswe/publications/">implicitly controlled by
wealthy donors, large corporations</a>, or national governments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Collective freedom then can break
out of already established historical practices and rhetoric. As Gayatri Spivak
has argued, freedom takes place at the complex meeting place of established
reason and the ways that reason is insufficient to meet moral obligations. In this
way <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674177642">freedom
is obliged to produce the unrecognizable</a>, a supplement to what is already
reasonable and knowable. (21-22) Freedom is another name for the <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674177642">encounter with
the radical other</a> of known efforts for social justice, that which is
outside of histories of democratic institutions and which meets the desires of
those who democracy has failed to recognize. (327-331)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Given its need to depart from established
practices, training for democracy is needed to strengthen collective practices
that remain open to new directions and unimagined possible futures. As one observer
noted, activists on the radical right have worked to “weaponize the word ‘freedom’
so that<a href="http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-unions-janus-20180628-story.html">
people think the only way they have freedom is to do something alone</a>, that
the solidarity and unity of doing something together…is not ‘freedom.’” How can
collective freedom replace freedom alone?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The modern fetish of individualism
has been an important factor in fragmenting collective identities, so that many
modern societies have come to be characterized more by television viewing and
online shopping than by collective events and meetings. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Training for collective freedom has
been done in the past. The civil rights movement put in place a little-known <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/obituaries/dorothy-cotton-rights-champion-and-close-aide-to-king-dies-at-88.html">“major
training program</a>” that instructed participants in citizenship rights, black
history, economic strategies, and even the organization of credit unions. Many <a href="https://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/consensus">social movements routinely train
participants</a> in <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Democracy_in_small_groups.html?id=fUK3AAAAIAAJ">meeting
facilitation skills</a> and <a href="http://www.vernalproject.org/papers/process/ConsensNotes.pdf">counter
strategies</a> to respond to difficult behaviors. Some movements have <a href="https://globaljusticeecology.org/watch-national-school-of-brazils-landless-workers-movement-raided-by-police/">even
built their own schools</a> to strengthen their <a href="https://schoolsforchiapas.org/">community members skills at collective
work</a> or at <a href="https://www.iaf.gov/content/publication/grassroots-development-focus-women-grassroots-leaders/">building
women’s leadership</a> rather than endorse the individualism instilled in young
people by many government- and private-run schools. These forms of community education
affirm collective work and collective freedom in ways that competitive scrabbling
for individual victory and wealth or individual votes in a private election
booth do not.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Collective freedoms as put into
action through grassroots social movements are critical if democracies want to
remain responsive to needed changes. Collective freedom requires both hard work
and a willingness to leave established pathways to morality, to gendered
practices, and to political accountability. Collective freedom is often found
in ground-breaking collective action that builds new pathways to democracy and
social justice.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-53916481720211723752018-07-15T14:03:00.001-07:002018-07-15T14:10:27.863-07:00Misnaming Democracy: Responsibility to Others<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In modern political practice,
democracy has frequently degenerated into self-interested political parties aggressively
pursuing narrow benefits against competing parties and social groups. Party democratic
practice is determined by interest groups aligned along political divisions
often shaped by class and race. This is not a new problem. It is also not a
local problem. As one British commentator has pointed out, “No constitutional
system should allow a <a href="https://oneworld-publications.com/democracy-and-its-crisis.html">partisan
group to hijack the interests of the whole</a>.” Individual interests drive party divisions. Party interests become poison.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Narrow interests fighting over the
levers of democratic practice can only cause problems. In just one recent week
this month, July, 2018, a blizzard of reports of serious and even foundational problems
for party democracies found their way into news reports: courts are increasingly
polarized politically in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/world/europe/poland-court-crisis-constitutional-tribunal.html">Poland</a>
and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/opinion/supreme-court-nominee-trump.html">the
U.S.</a>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the legislature is <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/world/europe/romania-rule-of-law.html">threatening
multi-party systems in Romania</a>, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/us/politics/trump-montana-rally-warren-tester.html">elected
leaders aligning themselves with autocrats</a> across multiple nations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Those who can conceive of democracy
only in the terms of party politics are misnaming democracy, since electoral party
democracy is not its only form. Partisan monopoly claims on democracy attacks a
broad-based conception of “the people” that founds democracy. By dividing “the
people” among different interests, liberal European democracy and its many global
cognate forms is prevented from benefitting society at large. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Once again governance turns out to
benefit a small sector of society, just as aristocracy and monarchy once did. In
different ages and sites, democratic government in the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries tilted towards different groups. In the last 50 years across
the globe democracy has most benefited the wealthy. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Yet democracy can serve the
interests of all. Gayatri Spivak has urged readers to adopt a notion of
democracy that benefits the planet. In naming “planetarity” as a goal for
democracy, she plays with the undecidability of the term, which may mean either
all people of the globe, nor limited by party affiliation or wealth or race, or
it may mean the globe of lands and seas <a href="https://www.fordhampress.com/9780823227914/the-animal-that-therefore-i-am/">beyond
the human</a>, or it may refer to both simultaneously. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For Spivak, democracy becomes a
form of responsibility to our others, those against whom we define ourselves as
individuals, in identitarian groups of gender or race or class or reproductive heteronormativity,
or as nations. Persistent interruptions of these normalized frames for
understanding democracy requires re-imagining our citizen selves as we might be
seen by those for whom full democratic participation is not even a dream, those
who have learned from centuries of abuse under electoral democracy to not even
dare hope for full participation. When these figures, found in every democracy under
the sun, come to <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/death-of-a-discipline/9780231129459">haunt
our day-to-day democratic practice</a>, then an ethics of responsibility to
democracy’s others becomes possible. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
These possibilities may be
unimaginable within the limits of the entrenched norms and power inequities of
party politics misnamed as democracy. But they are still possible means of building
relationship with the others of the middle-class citizenry, of reframing
democracy in terms that serve “the people.” Such a responsible practice takes
democracy beyond benevolence and the savior complex, and beyond helping those
we see in our self-interest as less than ourselves, to carry out politics for
all. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In giving attention to specific
others often blocked from full democratic participation, Spivak draws on
aboriginal, pre-capitalist approaches to <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072381">planetary care
of the other as a supplement</a> to Reason (344). The emphasis in these
democratic practices on care for all produces strategies to control corporate-dominated
globalization by interrupting its logics and (lack of) ethics. Rather than
allowing democracy to fix interests in narrow terms defined by established interest groups, responsibility to others disrupts capitalist and identity obsessions
with private gain as a type of training. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Rather than taking the modern nation-state
as an unquestioned reality, Spivak also suggests that we see it as a deceptive cipher
hiding the work of the nation-state against redistributive social justice. Once
we recognize this problem, then we can begin <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072381">recoding
democracy</a> into something other than allegiance to those who would demand we
agree to elected leaders giving away national wealth to global corporations. (281)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Some have suggested that the
current troubles of democratic practice in the U.S. are not new developments, but
it may reflect outcomes of particular histories of compromise and contingency
as narrow interests worked to bend the interests of “the people” in their
favor. Depending on their particular perspective, different critics have defined
democracy’s troubles in various ways. For those who feel that electoral democracies
have been <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/1020-carbon-democracy">hijacked
by the economic interests of large industries</a>, the problems with democracy
have their origins in the last century. Other critics have argued that
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/01/23/democracy-in-america-an-interview-with-authors-ben-page-and-martin-gilens/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.40836d73c578">democracy was profoundly compromised since the founding</a> of the United States, since
its practices were characterized by eighteenth century’s limits of the vote and
other unequal practices, one saying the U.S. was <i><a href="https://theintercept.com/2018/07/04/how-democracy-ends-david-runciman-review/?utm_source=The+Intercept+Newsletter&utm_campaign=68820eda06-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_07_07&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_e00a5122d3-68820eda06-131962033">flying
“the false flag of democracy.”</a></i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Moving away from party politics as
the only measure of democracy can take place on many fronts and different
scales. Individuals can keep their responsibility to others in mind when <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">practicing
democracy in organizations and neighborhoods</a> and many other sites in
addition to the ballot box. Because of the well-known risks of narrow partisanship,
many electoral governments have installed safeguards and counterweights. Some
of which invite or even require responsibility to others, such as safety nets
and welfare policies, referendums and term limits, town hall meetings and consensus.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Each of us must determine our ethics
through day-to-day democratic practices, and responsibility to Others is one
way to make ethics central to politics. By keeping our others in mind, even
those others who we do not yet know, we may keep the future open for new
possibilities, and <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/37-the-politics-of-friendship">even for
the impossible,</a> that which is outside of our horizons and is <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/death-of-a-discipline/9780231129459">limited
only by our imaginations</a>.</div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-47290201037586448932018-04-29T21:53:00.001-07:002018-04-29T21:53:41.289-07:00Misnaming Democracy: Testing Democracy through Equality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Democracy
is as slippery as the fish that got away, the unfulfilled campaign promise, and
the check that is always in the mail. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
will democracy deliver equality as promised? When will the always-postponed
payoff for those eternally patient democratic citizens become real? If
democracy displaces the king or queen, the emperor or empress, and the autocrat
and the oligarchs, then when will democracy produce power sharing and equal
benefits for all? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Taking
equality as the center of democracy shows that many modern political practices don’t
carry out democracy. Before assuming that European and other modern electoral
systems have captured democracy and perfected it, we may test that assumption
by asking about equality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those who are consistently blocked
from full participation in democracy often already know that many who claim democracy
do so at the expense of those at the bottom of the heap, on the sidelines of
the game, at the margins of the electorate, and without a seat at the decision-making
table: immigrants, the colonized, the uneducated, refugees and expatriates, the trafficked and the exiled, the imprisoned and the dead,
the unemployed, and the unwelcome. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Those
who never quite make it to the decision-making table are the Others of
democracy as we know it, a specific form of democracy characterized by
elections, constitutions, and modern forms of inequality. Rethinking this
specific form of democracy as a misnaming allows us to <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">reframe
what democracy means and to open the question of equality</a> as a measure of
the “real.” What is “real” democracy is a question for investigation and debate,
not assumption and complacency. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Real”
democracy is a political system where power is shared by all, not handed over
to experts and elites pursuing narrow interests. “Real” democracy is a society where
benefits from the productive forces of the day are shared by all, not the monopoly
of the one percent. What is “real democracy” is a question for us to pursue in
practice, not in abstract forms like equal rights that do not produce equal
lived relations. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/385-hatred-of-democracy">Calling anti-democratic
practices and systems “democratic”</a> is a misnaming. Only when we know how to
recognize “real” democracy after careful thought and respectful debate will we
know when we are <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzFpQhFOPfsC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=spivak+more+on+power/knowledge&source=bl&ots=69433h_8oU&sig=4SnQy2cD_aj2AzeR5qc9q881lPA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid_pm6meHaAhWh44MKHfr2B7oQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=spivak%20more%20on%20power%2Fknowledge&f=false">confronted by misnaming </a>that pretends to be democratic. </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Equality”
is another question for investigation and discussion, not assumption and complicity.
Do equal rights in a constitution guarantee equality in social relations? Does
equality at the ballot box produce equal power in practice? What is “real” equality?
The problem of the “real” is a <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fs/article/59/3/373/638853">ghost that I hope
haunts</a> your lives as it will haunt this blog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Many
who talk about democracy emphasize freedom and neglect equality. What does it
take to avoid eclipsing equality when practicing freedom? How can these two
honorable values be put into practice together? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">If democracy
is always in the future, forever postponed, then how might we determine whose
democracy will be our democracy, whose democracy deserves to benefit from our
efforts at producing equality? Many of those who claim democracy do so to benefit
their own interests, and the narrow interests of those they serve. Many of our
most trusted democratic leaders, even the <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Democracy_Project.html?id=efdyneVzATwC">founding
fathers of major electoral democracies</a>, did not believe that democracy was
meant for all. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Over
the coming months and years this series of posts will explore ways that those
who call themselves democratic may be telling tall tales. Despite the
persistent claims of many states to democratic practice, we can give careful
attention to various slippages, postponements, oversights, exclusions,
exceptions, appropriations, colonizations, invasions, persecutions, violent
relations, and other verifiable events to see whether the egalitarian promise
of democracy has been fulfilled. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There
are ways to take democracy seriously as a practice that produces equality in
the present. Attention to <a href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/7146/1/Deconstructing_radical_democracy1.pdf">difference
in democratic practice</a>, rather than a homogenizing assumptions about
equality, ironically may be one way to produce real-world equal outcomes. There
are many ways to carry out democratic practice to produce equality. By testing
claims to democracy, and critically examining their “real” outcomes by asking
about equality, we will find many successful efforts at delivering equality. </span></div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-74585688686772247892018-03-19T20:27:00.000-07:002018-03-19T20:40:29.760-07:00Other Democracies: Indigenous Women, Leadership, and Democracy in Northern Argentina<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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In this series of posts on “Other Democracies,” non-state
form of democratic spaces are examined that help strengthen an understanding of
how democratic practices beyond the state can do well in the twenty-first
century. Many <a href="http://marinasitrin.com/horizontalism/">innovative forms
of democratic practice</a> emerged from the electoral and financial crises of
2001 in Argentina. Today we will take a look at an organization from the northern
province of Argentina of Jujuy that successfully practiced assembly
decision-making, women’s leadership, and other hallmarks of democratic self-governance
for over a decade. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The organization is known as <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.43.2.0314">Organización
Barrial Tupac Amaru</a> (OBTA), and was characterized by a large percentage of
their membership of Indigenous women, migrant women, and women of color, and also
by a strong leadership role by lesbians and other women. The province of Jujuy is
widely known as a part of Argentina with large segments of the population lacking
health care, quality housing, and other basic necessities. Beginning in 2003,
the organization successfully campaigned for health care, decent housing, and access
to economic resources after an initial success at building low-income housing.
By 2015, the organization had successfully gained over 70,000 members both female
and male, and employed many local residents in several factories and over 250
cooperatives. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even though Argentina as a nation and Jujuy as a province practice
electoral democracy, many poor, indigenous people, and migrants from Bolivia
that live in the area had experienced significant difficulties obtaining access
to basic needs. While many think of elections as non-violent approaches to
governance, elections are also places where nation-states make decisions about
policies that at times have lethal consequences. For example, when a government
is elected to carry out economic policies that are known to impoverish many
people in the nation, then the electoral process is carrying out those forms of
violence that poverty causes: death from lack of food or shelter; injury from
insufficient health care; and other violence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the case of Argentina, the violence of elections were
demonstrated recently in a more direct fashion in the campaign leading up to recent,
high-stakes midterm elections. The 2017 midterm elections were widely seen as a
referendum on the policies of the center-right ruling coalition of the
President, Mauricio Macri. Shortly before the elections were held in October,
2017, an indigenous rights activist, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/world/americas/argentina-santiago-maldonado.html">Santiago
Maldonado, was found dead</a> in a river in the Patagonia region. The ruling
party had been quick to defend the security forces that had evicted him and
other activists from an indigenous rights protest on the day that he was last
seen. Maldonado’s activism had been a thorn in the side of the ruling party up
until his disappearance some two months before the election. By having Maldonado
killed, the security forces were able to remove a prominent opponent of Macri’s
government, and the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/world/americas/argentina-election-mauricio-macri.html">Macri
government was successful</a> in the midterm elections. This violence also lowered
the visibility of indigenous criticisms of the elected government, reducing
their ability not only to have a say in national affairs but also in governing
their own affairs as they are shaped by electoral government policies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OBTA is important for considering democracy because of its successes
over a decade in gaining access to basic needs for many people in Jujuy, and
for the methods that they used to do so. These methods include the use of
member assemblies to make important organizational decisions, a practice that
we have seen in <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">many
other locations</a> is central to effective practice of self-governance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These member assemblies are mechanisms that many communities
and social movements deploy to prevent narrow interests from taking control of
the process of governing their affairs, their democratic practices. In the
province of Jujuy, for example, electoral democracy had come in the post-war
period to serve primarily the interests of the <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.43.2.0314">white,
male social elites</a> that were repeatedly successful at running for electoral
office in the province. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yet in addition to their deployment of assembly
decision-making, OBTA also took as their leader and spokesperson the
charismatic Indigenous woman, Milagro Sala. Sala’s leadership style disrupted
business-as-usual in the state of Jujuy, allowing her to become a tough advocate for the poor,
for women of color, and for immigrants in a state previously known for its conservative
electoral politics. By <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.43.2.0314">not
conforming to traditional feminist gender roles</a> that often legitimate women’s
political participation in this region, Sala came to be labelled a “transvestite”
and “<i>un macho en pinta</i>” or a macho look-alike by her political opponents.
This created a social space that made possible the social acceptance and political effectiveness of not only lesbians and other non-heterosexual social roles, but also queer activists and others who do not wish to reproduce established gender and sexual norms.<br />
<br />
Sala was quite successful in confronting several powerful opponents of OBTA, included leading figures in the union movement in
Jujuy, which had supported past white, male conservative governments in the
province. The traditional unions were opposed by the unemployed movement that successfully
mobilized Indigenous people and women of color, the movement out of which OBTA
emerged. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The attention that Sala’s leadership style gained also
became part of a campaign by her opponents to attack her after the 2015 national
election of the conservative government of President Macri and the 2015
election of a conservative provincial governor, Gerardo Morales. The election
of Governor Morales meant the end of some fifteen years of progressive party
leadership in Jujuy, and the return of the conservative party that had ruled
Jujuy for thirty years up until 2003. After the 2015 elections the successful
tactics of OBTA, such as setting up tent encampments in town squares, were
attacked by legal changes and by decrees from Governor Morales, and Sala herself
found herself under arrest. An <a href="https://www.blogger.com/InterviewRequests">initial arrest in
January, 2016 was compounded</a> when further charges were added to the initial
charges, previous legal cases were re-opened, and earlier charges were replaced
with more serious charges. More than a dozen other leaders of the organization also
found themselves charged with various legal offenses. Ultimately, many of the
benefits gained by the Indigenous and poor of Jujuy from the OBTA successes
have been lost as a result of this concerted campaign against the OBTA
leadership. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The political and legal campaign of the conservative elected
government against OBTA shows that reliance on an individual, such as Milagro
Sala, or a small group of leaders, leaves a movement vulnerable to attack and
even destruction by its opponents. Many democratic movements have avoided this vulnerability
by <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">training
all of their members in leadership skills</a>, and by carefully controlling the
public representation of the organization to prevent focus on any single
individual or small group. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One risk that democratic movements run is opposition by
those serving in elected governments that claim democracy, yet that have also proven
over decades that they serve only narrow interests. The conservative government
under Governor Morales’ leadership is one such elected government. By being
unresponsive to social movements advocating for the poor, as they were up until
2003, electoral democratic practices failed in Jujuy to serve the general interest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yet for those movements like OBTA, who sometimes have been
successful at advocating for the interests of those who often do not benefit
under electoral governments, caution must be taken when developing leadership. If
leadership is highly centralized, as it often is in social movements and many
communities, the centralized structure can make it easier for a movement’s
opponents to successfully block further success and even to destroy the movement.
Decentralized organizational structures can be much more effective at
responding to attacks from political opponents, and more successful over the
long term in advocating for member interests. </div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-38451687478724548182017-12-20T13:43:00.000-08:002017-12-20T13:43:26.287-08:00Direct Democracy Festivals<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct participation in governance has experienced a
resurgence in the past decade. Rather than assuming their elected leaders will
represent their interests, people begin to practice democracy by taking direct
control over their own affairs. This government by the people rather than by experts or the social elites who are often successful in elections reshapes what democracy
means. In this resurgence democracy comes to mean decision-making about one’s
own affairs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One trace of this resurgence is found in the Direct
Democracy Festivals that have taken place each year since 2010 in Greece and
other locations. These festivals provide a platform for an exchange of
experiences, strategies, and knowledge about direct participation in democratic
practice among those with experience in direct democracy, and allows locals
without experience to learn a great deal very quickly. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The <a href="https://athens.indymedia.org/post/1202251/">first
festival</a> took place on the Greek Aegean Coast and featured public
discussions ranging from local self-organized institutions to horizontal
governance practices and autonomous workers organizations. The <a href="http://www.people2power.info/news/modern-direct-democracy-is-the-solution-not-the-problem/">2016
festival</a> was held in the capital of the Basque region in Spain, and
included discussions of differences between elections and citizen initiatives,
and the uses and risks of social media and other digital tools for expanding
direct democracy. The <a href="http://trise.org/2017/08/30/direct-democracy-festival-september-6-8-at-the-aristotle-university-of-thessaloniki/">2017
Direct Democracy Festival</a> featured presentations on establishing and
strengthening the commons, on social movements taking power back from
authoritarian governments, strategies and concepts useful in local settings,
documentary films, theater, and musical performances. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tied to the 2017 Direct Democracy Festival in Greece was a <a href="http://trise.org/conference_2017/">conference of participants in various
direct democracy</a> social movements and organizations at the Transnational
Institute of Social Ecology. For example, <a href="https://www.uclg.org/en/organisation/about">United Cities and Local
Governments (UCLG</a>) is one organization that has been promoting direct
democracy through their <a href="https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/participatory-democracy">Committee
on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy, and Human Rights</a>. The
conference featured a speaker discussing the efforts to implement direct local
governance across the entire Poitou-Charentes region of France, among many
other similar global efforts. UCLG networks many local governments to
establish local accountability for policies, and it has been successful in
strengthening resistance in many locales to economic and political policies
that benefit only a small minority of national, state or provincial, and local
populations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Participatory governance often is adopted when those who are
systematically blocked from decision-making by government practices take
matters into their own hands: the unemployed, undocumented immigrants, young
people, and other groups. Participatory budgeting has been one of the most
successful practices in the spread of participatory governance. Beginning in
the 1990s, participatory budgeting has come to be widely used in <a href="http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-03252-8.html">over 100
cities in Brazil</a>, and by 2015 it has also <a href="https://www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol8/iss2/art8/">spread globally</a>
to over 1,000 locations. The sites where this practice has proven effective
range from cities of over 1,000,000, such as Porto Alegre, Brazil, where it was
first used in 1989 on a large scale, to entire regions and states: the
Dominican Republic now uses participatory budgeting for all local governments.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the most important impacts of direct participation in
governance decision-making is the training of young people in citizenship
practices. Some practices have focused on participation by youth, and New York
City’s expansion of participatory budgeting from 4 council districts to over 30
in 2015-6 invites <a href="https://council.nyc.gov/pb/">any person over age 14</a>
to get involved. Since passive populations have proven vulnerable to persuasion
by elected leaders who have only narrow interests at heart, training younger
generations how to become actively involved in determining their lives is an
important countermeasure to centralized, elite government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One disadvantage of participatory budgeting in some locales
has been the limitation of the practice to discretionary funds of elected
officials, as in Chicago and New York City. This does little to transform overall
unemployment rates based on economic policies, or the inhumane conditions of
many immigrants who are blocked from access to basic needs and safe living and
working conditions in many cases. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yet direct participation in democracy decision-making has
wide appeal, and practiced in areas ranging well beyond budgets to such issues
as access to basic services, gender equality, environmental protection, and
poverty reduction. Studies have been completed of successes and obstacles in
these areas in <a href="http://www.uclg.org/cisdp/observatory">over 50 cities
worldwide</a>, and the results provide a rich resource for those who wish to
take control of their lives into their own hands. </div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The risk that elected officials take in
promoting participatory governance is that those who elected them may grow
accustomed to being directly involved in governing their own affairs. While the
claim by elected officials to represent the interests of all still has traction
in some circles, as more lose faith in electoral systems the experience of self-determination
may prove useful in the future. Direct democracy festivals and the work of the
UCLG offer those interested in direct participation in democracy much to
consider and more to do.</span></div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-9891547611551348782017-10-23T14:53:00.000-07:002017-10-23T14:53:13.872-07:00Mass Assembly and the Political<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Mass assemblies are important sites for political action,
yet they often are represented as if they are secondary to established
political institutions. Political activists and theorists have begun to
reconsider their importance with the major successes of assemblies in Argentina
in the first decade of the new millennium, in Tahrir Square protests in 2011
and 2013, in the 2011-12 Occupy movement in North America and Europe, in the
15-M or <i>Indignado</i> movement in 2011 Spain, and in recent anti-austerity
movements in Greece and other nations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mass assemblies were <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20078545">common historically</a> and are <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">still
found all over the globe in our own day</a>, yet in particular their
present-day actions are <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">often
overlooked by activists and theorists</a> alike. Sometimes known as the village
or tribal council, the townhall meeting, the neighborhood association, or by
other names, large gatherings of people together to make decisions about their
own lives are as old as any other form of politics. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Particularly when <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/opinion/democracy-without-politics.html">these
meetings make important decisions</a>, they present a site for democracy or
rule by the people. In some recent reconsiderations, however, mass assemblies
are considered only in more limited instances when mass protests claim to speak
for the people to the liberal or autocratic nation-state. Disagreement about
whether mass assemblies are sites for political decision-making or simply sites
for expressing political views to the nation-state is one of the central
debates in these recent theoretical rethinking of the mass assembly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Outside of electoral defeat and armed movements or coups,
mass protests seem to be one of the few ways to produce regime change. Even when
elected leaders attempt to ignore the public statements of massed protestors,
as recently seen in Egypt and Argentina the assembled populace may still
overthrow governments and make known their will. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt’s <i>Assembly </i>(2015)
and Judith Butler’s <i>Notes Towards a Performative Theory of Assembly </i>(2015),
the narrow focus on mass protests assumes that the political is only carried
out by the nation-state, or even that democracy can only take place when
addressing the liberal electoral nation-state. Yet many activists in social
movements increasingly called <a href="http://marinasitrin.com/horizontalism/">horizontal
movements</a> practice what they call democracy using mass assemblies in venues
and locales well beyond the limits of the nation-state. Theorists are also
responding to this understanding of democracy as possible in sites Other to the
nation-state, such as Rodrigo Nunes in his 2014 publication, <i>Organization of
the Organizationless,</i> and Joe Parker in his <i>Democracy Beyond the State:
Practicing Equality</i> (2017).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike much writing in political theory, many of these
recent theoretical reconsiderations of mass assembly takes as their main
audiences the general public. Rodrigo Nunes’s <a href="http://www.metamute.org/sites/www.metamute.org/files/pml/Organisation-of-the-Organisationless.pdf">Organization
of the Organizationless</a> (2014) is an important theoretical intervention in
debates about how decentralized, non-hierarchical organizations succeed. For
Nunes, decentralized democratic organizing can resist the ingrained tendency in
many to return to centralized, vertically organized structures by following
specific practices in certain key areas: running and documenting meetings;
decision-making; and actions. By diffusing information frequently, providing
equal access to resources, and frequently rotating tasks (including
leadership), <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1192897.Shut_Them_Down_">Nunes argues</a>
that the power that tends to collect around a limited number of individuals can
be persistently redistributed. Rather than assuming democracy is only found in
one type of organization, he argues that democracy instead is a practice
permanently open to different future forms that must constantly move between the
determined character of “horizontalism” and the indeterminate, the unknown of decentralized
open space.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marina Sitrin and Dario Azzellini <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/1433-they-can-t-represent-us">focus on
assembly-based horizontalist structures</a> found throughout the first two
decades of the twenty-first century in their <a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1433-they-can-t-represent-us" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">They Can't Represent Us: Reinventing Democracy from
Greece to Occupy</span></i></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span>(2014).
Recognizing the increasing alienation from elected leaders in many
nation-state, they document the mass assemblies used in environmental defense
assemblies and towns in Argentina, Zapatista autonomy in Chiapas, the Occupy
Plataforma (housing defense) movement in Spain, and assembly movements in
Greece. Sitrin is well-known for documenting the assembly and other horizontal
practices in post-2001 Argentina in her earlier books, <i>Horizontalism: Voices
of Popular Power in Argentina</i> and <i>Everyday Revolutions</i>. Their
analysis focuses on ways that the mass assembly reshapes individual
subjectivity in its rejection of electoral leadership institutions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike Nunes and Sitrin/Azzellini, Judith Butler’s <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674967755">Notes Toward a
Performative Theory of Assembly</a> (2015) centers her theoretical reflections
on mass protests. Butler turns away from politics as monopolized by political
parties and governments to analyze the power of embodied, assembled collectives
to both make statements and produce conditions that provide for the most
vulnerable in society. As many governments have followed neoliberal policies
taking corporate profits as more important than the survival needs of “the
people,” mass assemblies have become key leverage points where the collective
body can reclaim the political for equality and the interdependence of the common
good. This is a major shift in thinking about the political, for the mass
assemblies in Butler’s view not only sever relations with extant regimes but
also install new conditions for the political and new rights, such as “the
right to appear” or “the right to persist” and survive as a living, vulnerable
being. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In breaking with the assumption that government policies are
the primary site for expressing the popular will, Butler provides the important
recognition that policy makers are often captured by narrow interests that do
not serve the common good. Since <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">this
is a central problem in electoral democracies</a>, this break makes it possible
to question the effectiveness of electoral governments at representing popular
opinion and the popular will. In moving away from liberal individualism and
towards collective rights and embodied political claims outside those of the
nation-state, Butler questions widely held assumptions about social contracts,
individual rights, and territorial nationalisms. As even elected governments
worldwide demonstrate again and again that they would prefer to protect small
group interests, particularly those of the wealthy, rather than those that are
vulnerable, populist parties and mass assemblies have begun to grow in strength
and effectiveness. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Butler does not respond to Nunes or Sitrin, she does
draw on Jason Frank’s <i><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/constituent-moments/?viewby=title"><span style="font-style: normal;">Constituent Moments</span></a></i> (2010) and John
Inazu’s influential <i><a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300173154/libertys-refuge"><span style="font-style: normal;">Liberty’s Refuge:</span></a> the Forgotten Freedom of
Assembly</i> (2012) to argue that <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/97901/the-closing-the-public-square-john-inazu-timothy-zick">mass
gatherings can displace the nation-state</a>. Mass assemblies do so as an
embodied source of authoritative statements by “the people” with significance
well beyond individual rights of assembly or free speech. Butler also follows
Hagar Kotef’s important attack in <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Movement-and-the-Ordering-of-Freedom">Movement
and the Ordering of Freedom</a><i> </i>(2015) on the liberal mechanisms and
technologies for surveilling and managing mass mobilities, practices that are
supported by Hobbes and Locke in early theories of democracy and by Mill and
Habermas in the twentieth-century. Assemblies in the views of these
commentators and historians provide alternatives to those who wish not only to
make their views known but to establish conditions under which all may survive
and persist.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt are skeptical that
assemblies can provide lasting solutions and durable social structures in their
2015 book, <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/assembly-9780190677961?cc=us&lang=en&">Assembly</a>,
without an established leadership. Negri and Hardt assume that assembly-based
movements without the centralized leadership structures that they support do
not endure, cannot respond quickly to urgent developments, and cannot draw on
sophisticated technical resources. Yet in these criticisms of horizontal
structures, Negri and Hardt fall into many of the mythologies used to dismiss
assembly movements among social scientists who cannot conceive of politics
outside the nation-state. As Francesca Polletta has shown in her important
study of assembly movements in the United States civil rights era, <a href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3682810.html">Freedom
is an Endless Meeting</a>, these myths hold only when the social scientist or
theorist ignores such influential organizations as the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee or Students for a Democratic Society. In their
assumption that self-governance institutions require technical experts at the
helm, Negri and Hardt also perhaps unwittingly reproduce the views of Joseph Schumpeter
and F.A. Hayek, the founders of neoliberalism that Negri and Hardt criticize
elsewhere in their book.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Negri and Hardt’s theoretical proposal is to subordinate leaders
to the assembled multitudes, to make them servants who operate the machinery of
government for the self-organized masses. Hardt and Negri emphasize the desire
of the multitudes for not only abstract freedoms and equality but also concrete
well-being and wealth, relations of access and use for all. In approaching the
political in its relations with the economic and the social, Hardt and Negri
foreground the importance of production and the growing commons. Ultimately
their book develops a proposal to construct organization without hierarchy and
create institutions without centralization, a major break with modern political
logic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Hardt and Negri do not respond in a substantive way to
the other theorists discussed above, they clearly take as their primary
opponent those who would dare attempt to organize without an established
leadership at the helm. Given the importance of leaderless movements for events
in <a href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/E/bo20842386.html">Argentina</a>,
North America and <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1192897.Shut_Them_Down_">Europe</a>,
Hardt and Negri show their allegiance to the vertical hierarchies that
established leaders implant into any organization. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">long-established
communities and organizations</a> centering on assembly practices have
determined that the best balance of horizontal equality with vertical relations
installed by leaders is achieved with frequent rotation of leaders. While this
may prevent any individuals or small groups from establishing entrenched
positions needed for clientelism and other common political problems, it also
disrupts the rule by experts that Hardt and Negri seem to support. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This may be
why Hardt and Negri overlook the many durable organizations that have taken
assemblies as their base: the Workers Landless Movement in Brazil, the small
farmer global network known as La Via Campesina, and other organizations. While
they mention in passing the Zapatistas in southern Mexico, who use assembly
practices as one anchor for autonomous government (with the EZLN military as
the other anchor), Negri and Hardt’s overall argument does not respond to the
decade of Zapatista success at a decentralized assembly-based social movement. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hardt and Negri point out that electoral politics is an
institution that is coming to an end. In their view representative systems are
enduring a crisis brought on by decisions of elected leaders to turn their
backs on the middle classes in favor of neoliberal domestic policies of
austerity and budget cuts. As voter alienation increases, far right populist
movements have gained electoral successes in many electoral democracies. </div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mass assembly-based institutions provide an
important alternative to increasingly conservative electoral modes of
democratic practice. The debates seen in Nunes and Sitrin and Butler and
Parker’s writings on mass assembly modes of political decision-making show what
the future holds beyond electoral democracy. As nationalism’s claim to “the
people” weakens, other politics are possible. These works show that not only
are mass assemblies possible, but they are already at work all over the world.</span></div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3915627851582916024.post-10028488035543969862017-08-31T19:06:00.000-07:002017-09-29T09:33:21.367-07:00Other Democracies: Slum Dwellers International<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are many
organizations that practice <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Democracy-Beyond-the-Nation-State-Practicing-Equality/Parker/p/book/9781138235847">decentralized, horizontal forms of democracy</a>. These
democratic practices differ significantly from the democracies that often serve
as the norm for all democracy: electoral constitutional governments. Unlike elected
representative governments, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these
organizations reject rule by college-educated, specialized experts to find ways
to keep governance accountable to those who have little power in social
relations, economic life, and national political systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Slum Dwellers
International (SDI) and their offshoot organization, Know Your City, are organizations
that have worked intentionally to decentralize their practices and resources,
their knowledge base and their governance. Since 1996, this network has helped
to <a href="https://knowyourcity.info/who-is-sdi/about-us/">create a global
voice of the urban poor</a>, engaging international agencies and operating on
the international stage in order to support and advance local struggles.
Nevertheless, the principal theatre of practice for SDI’s constituent
organisations is the local level: the informal settlements where the urban poor
struggle to build more inclusive cities, economies, and politics. By bringing
together the urban poor in 32 countries and hundreds of cities and towns across
Africa, Asia and Latin America, the Slum Dwellers, SDI has expanded to many
countries: <span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia,
Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe,
among others. </span></span></div>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organizationally SDI consists of a
Secretariat, a coordinating team, a Board and a Council of Federations. The
Secretariat has an administrative and management function. It is accountable to
a Board and a Council of Federations made up of nominated grassroots leaders
from affiliated Federations. The Board also nominates a Coordinating team that
serves as an executive, responsible for overseeing the implementation of SDI
programs.</span><br />
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">SDI is committed to supporting a process that
is driven from below. The Secretariat facilitates, and sometimes resources,
horizontal exchange and information sharing programs among member Federations. These
<a href="https://knowyourcity.info/our-practices-for-change/">exchanges also
produce a strong sense</a> that expertise is found locally among the urban slum
residents, and not just among professional policy and “development” experts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sheila Patel
writes in her document, “Understanding the Governance Structures of SDI,” how accountability
by and for the informal urban poor works in SDI. It began in India where the National
Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan established national networks and
federated slum dwellers throughout the country, and then expanded to work with
South African slum dwellers in 1991. From 1992-1996 the two federations worked
together to establish developed a set of methodologies that provided realistic
alternatives to evictions and, by extension, practical and sustainable ways of
mobilizing and organizing the urban poor. This period they also worked with
urban poor from other countries to establish similar organizations, as in
Cambodia and Zimbabwe. Starting in 1996, the emerging federations began to
select coordinators and to expand to Latin America. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 2002 they
selected their first international Board for the transnational organization,
and began to develop an emerging management committee. By 2006 pressures had
intensified from external funders and other organizations to centralize. <a href="https://knowyourcity.info/governance/">Patel writes</a> that “As SDI grew
at settlement level, at national level and globally, the financial requirements
increased and external agencies needed to feel reassured that the organization
could fulfill its expectations and commitments. This called for greater
centralization but principles of decentralization and subsidiarity are fundamental
to SDI's bottom-up structure. Decentralization demanded a much wider base of
leaders to assist federations with increasing demands and expectations.
Subsidiarity posed special challenges to a Secretariat that was becoming
increasingly professionalized and accountable to external agencies - especially
foundations, bi-lateral and multi-lateral agencies.” The SDI response was to
establish a Council with three representatives from each fully-active
federation in different countries, and to draw on this Council for Board
members going forward. Then in 2008 SDI launched a funding organization of its
own with a Board of Governors to administer the funds, with members of the
Board of Governors including National Housing and Urban Development ministers
from representative countries. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the same
time that this centralization took place, SDI also established five regional
hub organizations to strengthen local leadership and regional ties. To practice
its principle of abdication from professional to local federation management,
they also worked from 2013-16 to establish a Management Committee to retain
accountability to the national federations. These efforts have taken time, yet
they work against the centralized structures demanded by outside funders and
other civil society organizations to retain a decentralized structure with local
accountability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are
several other ways in which SDI governs their own affairs without following the
centralized practice of their home governments, including those national
governments where they are based that claim to be democratic. First, a careful
adherence to peer-to-peer exchanges between urban poor community members in
different locales and even different nations prevents “experts” from effectively
becoming a governing elite. This practice blocks the emergence of entrenched
policy specialists who often pursue their own narrow interests rather than the
interests of marginalized and impoverished community members. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://knowyourcity.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Annual-Report_WEB_300916_singles.pdf">Local
funding of initiatives</a> through savings plans prevents s the centralized
distribution of tax monies and other resources from being monopolized by
elected leaders distant from the urban slum communities and their interests. SDI’s
goals are to serve the poorest of the poor, which centralized national governments
have often not been able to serve effectively. Even areas that practice
democracy through elected governments have found that wealth and power
inequalities remain, and democracy does not mean a reduction in inequality. So
if informally organized urban slum communities wish to take their lives into
their own hands, SDI provides one means to do so. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Note: Thank you to Jamie Helberg for
research assistance on this post.</span></div>
</div>
D2Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10779696034217340324noreply@blogger.com0